Table 2.
Risk of bias summary by non-randomized comparative study assessed by the ACROBAT-NRSI tool.
| Study | Bias due to confounding |
Bias in selection of participants into the study |
Bias in measurement of interventions |
Bias due to departures intended interventions |
Bias due to missing data |
Bias in measurement of outcomes |
Bias in selection of reported results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arnold 2014 [48] | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Lazerson 1972 [26] | Serious risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Serious risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Monahan 2011 [28] | Moderate risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Smith 1982 [39] | Serious risk | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Low risk |
| Smith 1984 [27] | Serious risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Unclear risk | Unclear risk | Low risk |
| Soucie 2000 [18] | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Soucie 2001 [38] | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |
| Soucie 2004 [46] | Moderate risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk | Low risk |