TABLE 2:

Mosquito species present in the UK, horse and mammal biting, and vector status for arboviruses of horses

Species	Host biting5,7	Evidence of equine biting	Vector status
Aedes cinereus/Aedes geminus	M31, 32 B31, 32	Morocco1, Switzerland32	EEEV (I)18
Aedes vexans	M31, 32,B31,32	France2,Switzerland32	WNV (I)5,EEV (I, L*)18,19,20,21,22,
Anopheles algeriensis	M
Anopheles claviger	M32	Switzerland32
Anopheles maculipennis s.l.	M31,32, B31	UK4,8, Switzerland32	WNV (I)5
Anopheles plumbeus	M31	France2	WNV (L)14
Coquillettidia richiardii	M31,32, B32	France2, Switzerland32	WNV (I)5
Culiseta alaskaensis	M
Culiseta annulata	M14,32, B32	UK3, France2, Switzerland32	WNV (L)33
Culiseta fumipennis	B
Culiseta litorea	M, B
Culiseta longiareolata	B
Culiseta morsitans	M31, B31		EEV (Z)17, 19
Culiseta subochrea	M2	France2
Culex europaeus	A, R, B
Culex modestus	M2, B2	France2	WNV (V, L)2.5
Culex pipiens s.l.	M31 B31,32	France2	WNV (V, L)23, 27, JEV (L†)23, EEV (N)26, WEEV (N)24,25, VEEV (N)27
Culex torrentium	B31, M31
Ochlerotatus annulipes	M9,31, B	France2
Ochlerotatuscantans	M31, B32	UK9, Switzerland32
Ochlerotatus caspius	M2, B2	UK3, France2	WNV (I, L†)2,5
Ochlerotatus communis	M31
Ochlerotatus detritus	M2, B	UK3, France2	WNV (L)16, JEV (L)13
Ochlerotatus dorsalis	M6	UK6	WEEV (I, L)28,30
Ochlerotatus flavescens	M11,12	Denmark, Canada11, 12
Ochlerotatus geniculatus	M2,31	France2
Ochlerotatus leucomelas
Ochlerotatus punctor	M10, B	UK10	WNV (L)14
Ochlerotatusrusticus	M31, 32, B	Switzerland32
Ochlerotatus sticticus	M31, 32, B31	Switzerland32
Orthopodomyia pulcripalpis	B

Species in bold were sampled during the present study

*Variable laboratory competence in a number of studies

†Relatively inefficient laboratory vector

¹Faraj and others (2009)

²Balenghien and others (2006)

³Pilot work for this study—site 8, 2014

⁴Danabalan (2010)

⁵Medlock and others (2005)

⁶Service (1971a)

⁷Becker and others (2010)

⁸Hutchinson (2004)

⁹Medlock and Vaux (2011)

¹⁰Service and others (1986)

¹¹Service and Smith (1972)

¹²Rempel and others (1946)

¹³MacKenzie-Impoinvil and others (2015)

¹⁴Vermeil and others (1960)

¹⁵Balenghien and others (2008)

¹⁶Blagrove and others, (2016)

¹⁷Andreadis and others (1998)

¹⁸Armstrong and Andreadis (2010)

¹⁹Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2006)

²⁰Vaidyanathan and others (1997)

²¹Davis (1940)

²²Chamberlain and others (1954)

²³Turell and others (2006)

²⁴Aviles and others (1990)

²⁵Hammon and Reeves (1943)

²⁶Merrill and others (1934)

²⁷Turell (2012)

²⁸Kramer and others (1998)

²⁹Vaux and others (2015)

³⁰Zacks and Paessler (2010)

³¹Börstler and others (2016)

³²Schönenberger and others (2016)

³³M.S.C. Blagrove, personal communication

A, amphibians; B, birds; EEEV, Eastern equine encephalitis virus; I, implicated in disease transmission worldwide; JEV, Japanese encephalitis virus; L, laboratory-competent vector; M, mammals; N, non-competent as laboratory vector; R, reptiles; V, ecologically significant bridge vector worldwide; VEEV, Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus; WEEV, Western equine encephalitis virus; WNV, West Nile virus; Z, ecologically significant enzootic vector worldwide