Table 2.
GI abnormalities in ASD patients and links to microbiota and immune changes.
| Subject | Behavior | Description | Microbiota | Immune | GI | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| children (4–16 yo) | infantile autism | 43% (n=9/21) of ASD children had abnormal intestinal permeability. |
X | (127) | ||
| children (2.6–16 yo) | social interaction, communication, interests |
Patients with Celiac disease (n=120) did not show autistic like behaviors. |
X | (128) | ||
| children (3.5–16.3 yo) | autism | Children with ASD (n=21) and bowel symptoms had increased basement membrane thickness, mucosal gamma delta cell density, CD8 (+) density and intraepithelial lymphocyte numbers compared to patients with only inflammatory bowel diseases. |
X | X | (129) | |
| children (avg 6.2 yo) | regressive autism | ASD children with GI symptoms (n=20/25) show autoantibody binding to epithelial cells and co- localize with complement proteins in the intestinal mucosa. |
X | X | (130) | |
| children (1–10 yo) | autism | ASD children with GI symptoms (diarrehea and constipation) (n=75) showed increased production of TNF-α/IL-12 upon stimulation with cow’s milk protein. |
X | X | (56) | |
| children (>1 yo) | autism | ASD children (n=3325) had elevated link with family members with gastrointestinal autoimmune diseases such as Celiac, Chron and ulcerative colitis |
X | X | (131) | |
|
children (avg 7.4 ± 5.1 yo) |
autism | 36.7% of ASD patients (n=33/90) had abnormal intestinal permeability and GI symptoms (constipation, diarrhea, and abdominal pain). |
X | (132) | ||
| children (3–10 yo) | autism | ASD children (n=12/23) with GI symptoms had elevated levels of Sutterella compared to control children (n=9/9) with GI symptoms. There was also IgG or IgM antibody reactivity to Sutterella wadsworthensis in ASD-GI children. |
X | X | X | (20) |
| human | autism | Higher rates of GI disorders in ASD patients, range 9- 91% of GI disorders in ASD children, abdominal pain is 2–41%, constipation is 6- 45%, and diarrhea is 3– 77%. |
X | (133) | ||
| children (>4 yo) | autism | ASD patients (n=88) had more impaired intestinal permeability and increased antibodies against food antigens. |
X | X | (134) | |
|
children (avg 7.8 ± 2.9 yo) |
autism | ASD patients (n=37) had higher levels of IgG antibody to gliadin and correlated to GI symptoms, but not associated with Celiac disease. |
X | X | (135) | |
| children (10–14 yo) | regressive, atypical autism |
No difference in small intestine permeability between ASD (n=103) and special needs (n=30) children. |
X | (136) |