Figure 3.

Effect modification of the association of long-term PM_2.5 exposure (HRs per one μg m-3 increase) with mortality among older adults using simultaneous interaction models. The dataset was restricted to each of the sex and race combinations. Modifiers include individual-level covariates (dual eligibility, previous hospitalizations due to congestive heart failure (CHF), myocardial infarction (MI), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and diabetes), urbanicity, and mean summer temperature. The estimate labeled “average” shows the HR when all modifiers were set at their means. The hazard ratio (HR) for each modifier set that modifier at the corresponding value and set the remaining modifiers at their means.