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. 2017 Feb 1;8:117. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00117

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Copyright © 2017 Hsieh, Brunke and Brock.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Antifungal resistance against caspofungin and amphotericin B in presence of bile and bile extracts. Experiments were performed in biological and technical triplicates and mean values are shown. (A) Caspofungin resistance in RPMI/glucose medium with (left) and without (right) addition of bile. (B) Same as in (A), but with amphotericin B. (C) Endpoint analysis (20 h) of caspofungin (5 μg/ml) resistance in presence of heat-inactivated (autoclaved) and native reconstituted bile in RPMI/glucose medium. (D) Endpoint analysis of caspofungin resistance (1 μg/ml) in presence of an ethylacetate extract made from crude bile. Bar diagrams in (C) and (D) represent mean + SD. Significance was calculated using the two-tailed Student’s t-test (^∗∗∗p < 0.005, NS = not significant).