FIG 1 .

The rim101Δ mutant induces increased TNF-α secretion from macrophages. BMMs were coincubated with the indicated live or heat-killed (HK) strains at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10:1 C. neoformans/BMM cells. Secreted TNF-α levels were quantified after 6 h of coincubation, and data are represented as a ratio of TNF-α levels (in picograms per milliliter) normalized to a control incubation with no added fungal cells. Primary data for TNF-α levels are listed in Table S1. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s multiple-comparison test were used to compare the means of results from three replicates for three independent experiments (n = 9). ***, P < 0.001; **, P < 0.01; *, P < 0.05. Error bars represent standard errors of the means.