Figure 1. VGLUT mediates H⁺ efflux at presynaptic terminals.

A and B, pHerry is a genetically encoded cytosolic pH indicator. C, action potential (AP)‐induced VGCC opening results in cytosolic Ca²⁺ (red) elevation, which triggers snare‐dependent SV exocytosis and glutamate (light purple) release. PMCA actively pumps out cytosolic Ca²⁺ while increasing cytosolic [H⁺]. The resulting cytosolic acidification is reversed by VGLUT inserted at the PM during SV exocytosis, which functions as a Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger to mediate H⁺ efflux.