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. 2017 Jan 24;8:14026. doi: 10.1038/ncomms14026

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

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(a–d) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the zeroth to the third iteration of the Koch star particles that are direct laser-written into a photosensitive polymer by the two-photon laser-induced polymerization (Photonic Professional system by Nanoscribe GmbH). The thickness of the sides of all Koch particles is 0.6 μm, the height is 8 μm and the overall size is 20 μm. The parameters l_t and l_b are the side lengths of the smallest and largest equilateral triangles that are used in the geometry construction based on the Koch iterative construction rule. The parameter h is the particle height. (e) Schematic view of the Koch particle of the second literation in a planar nematic liquid crystal cell. The rubbing directions specify the orientation of LC molecules at the cell surfaces.