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. 2017 Feb 1;7:41257. doi: 10.1038/srep41257

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

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Choline enters the cell either using low-affinity facilitated diffusion via OCT transporters; high affinity Na⁺-dependent transport via CHT1 transporters; or intermediate affinity Na⁺-independent transport via CTL1 transporters. Enzymes and metabolites. CHDH: choline dehydrogenase; CAT: choline acetyltransferase; AcCoA: acetyl-coenzyme A; CoA: coenzyme A; BADH: betaine aldehyde dehydrogenase; NAD⁺: nicotinamide adenine nucleotide; NADH: reduced nicotinamide adenine nucleotide; CK: choline kinase; CCT: citydylyltransferase; CTP: cytidine triphosphate; CDP: cytidine diphosphate; CPT: cytidine cholinephosphotransferase; CEPT: choline/ethanolaminephosphotransferase; DAG: diacylglycerol; CMP: cytidine monophosphate; PSS1: Phosphatidylserine synthase 1; PLD: Phospholipase D; SMS: sphingomyeline synthase; CER: ceramide; PLA: phospholipase A; AC: acyl chains; PPi: pyrophosphate.