Table 1. Bacterial strains.

Strain	Relevant characteristics	Source
W574	E. coli clinical strain isolated from a wound infection	This work
U453	E. coli clinical strain isolated from a urine infection	This work
B340	E. cloacae clinical strain isolated from a bloodstream infection	This work
KLY	E. coli K-12 strain with YFP-Cam cassette	8
tbl3a	High tolerance strain, evolved in vitro from KLY under transient antibiotic exposures of 3 hours (vapB(V5E) mutant)	8
tbl5a	High tolerance strain, evolved in vitro from KLY under transient antibiotic exposures of 5 hours (metG(Y620N) mutant)	8
MGY	MG1655 (seq) with YFP-Cam cassette	26
MGHY	P1 transduction of high persistence hipA7 mutation from HM2214 (tetracycline selection) into MGY	This work
MGZ1-PSA11	E. coli K-12 strain with pSA11 plasmid bearing ampicillin resistance cassette.	27