Distribution of sites in the RVM of uninjured rats at which 4.11 ng epibatidine was microinjected. The symbols encode the magnitude of the effect determined 10 min after microinjection. Gray and black circles, respectively, indicate that PWL was at least 2 and 3 SD greater than the mean baseline latency for the treatment group. Sites outside the RVM are indicated by similarly coded squares. Sites at which PWL changed by <1 SD are indicated by open symbols. 4V, fourth ventricle; g7, genu of the facial nerve; icp, inferior cerebellar peduncle; mlf, medial longitudinal fasciculus; P, pyramid; sp5O, spinal trigeminal nucleus pars oralis; sp5, spinal trigeminal tract; 7, facial motor nucleus. Numbers indicate distance in millimeters from the interaural line.