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. 2017 Feb 1;16:29. doi: 10.1186/s12943-017-0596-9

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© The Author(s). 2017

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

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Fig. 1 — Regulation of key cancer stem cell signaling pathways by epigenetic mechanisms. Wnt/β-catenin signaling can be enhanced by decreased expression of the DKK1 inhibitor through promoter hypermethylation and increased H3K27me3 and decreased H3K16 acetylation marks. Notch signaling target genes such as Hes1 and Hes5 can be activated by inhibition of H3K27 inhibitory methylation mark at their promoter region by STRAP. Hedgehog signaling pathway can be activated in CSCs epigenetically by Shh promoter hypomethylation and increase HDAC1 expression. Epigenetic deregulation of CSC-related signaling pathways allows cancer cells to acquire self-renewal ability and drug resistance properties