Table 2.
Brain volumes and psychiatric outcome in VLBW participants and controls
| 15 years | 19 years | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| VLBW (n = 40) | Control (n = 56) | VLBW (n = 44) | Control (n = 60) | |
| Brain volumes (ml) | ||||
| Cortical gray matter | ||||
| Cingulum M (SD) | 21.85 (3.21)*** | 24.14 (2.93) | 20.64 (3.16)*** | 23.07 (2.79) |
| Frontal cortex M (SD) | 188.21 (28.71)** | 201.80 (16.71) | 117.39 (28.83)*** | 190.93 (16.94) |
| Insula M (SD) | 13.01 (2.10)*** | 14.37 (1.40) | 12.79 (2.25)*** | 13.83 (1.39) |
| Occipital cortex M (SD) | 48.65 (6.65)* | 50.94 (4.48) | 46.79 (6.66)* | 49.08 (4.52) |
| Parietal cortex M (SD) | 117.86 (16.57)*** | 133.58 (11.74) | 110.68 (14.41)*** | 124.54 (11.04) |
| Temporal cortex M (SD) | 110.80 (16.92)*** | 125.72 (12.40) | 107.64 (16.65)*** | 120.15 (11.65) |
| Thalamus M (SD) | 13.15 (1.83)*** | 15.35 (1.27) | 13.24 (1.81)*** | 15.30 (1.32) |
| Subcortical gray matter M (SD) | 43.79 (4.93)*** | 49.72 (3.55) | 44.12 (5.03)* | 48.22 (3.96) |
| Psychiatric results | ||||
| CGAS M (SD) | 71.73 (14.48)*** | 86.96 (6.75) | 79.05 (12.75)** | 85.78 (7.69) |
| ADHD-RS-IV - mother | ||||
| Hyperactivity M (SD) | 2.78 (3.71) | 1.43 (1.78) | 2.90 (4.29) | 1.34 (1.67) |
| Inattention M (SD) | 6.39 (5.11)*** | 2.51 (2.81) | 5.45 (5.58)** | 1.76 (1.98) |
| Any psychiatric diagnosis n (%) | 12 (30)** | 3 (5) | 11 (25)** | 4 (7) |
| Anxiety disordersa n (%) | 5 (13) | 2 (4) | 7(16)** | 1 (2) |
| ADHD n (%) | 3 (8)* | 0 (0) | 4 (9)* | 0 (0) |
| Otherb n (%) | 4 (10) | 1 (2) | 0 (0) | 3 (5) |
| Any Subclinical diagnosis n (%) | 11 (28)*** | 1 (2) | 5 (11) | 6 (10) |
| Anxiety disordersa n (%) | 3 (8) | 1 (2) | 4 (9) | 2 (3) |
| ADHD n (%) | 8 (20)*** | 0 (0) | 1 (2) | 3 (5) |
| Otherb n (%) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (2) |
| Diagnostic status | ||||
| Healthy/Becoming healthy n (%) | 22 (55)** | 46 (82) | 25 (61)** | 50 (85) |
| Persisting/Developing diagnosis n (%) | 18 (45)** | 10 (18) | 16 (39)* | 9 (15) |
*p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01, ***p ≤ 0.001 (VLBW versus controls). Significant results marked bold. Linear regression adjusted for age and sex for normal distributed data, else the Mann–Whitney U-test. The unconditional z-pooled test was used to analyze differences in proportions between groups. Subcortical brain volumes were further adjusted for estimated intracranial volume
Abbreviations: ADHD-RS-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale, CGAS children’s global assessment scale, SD standard deviation, VLBW very low birth weight (birth weight ≤ 1500)
aAnxiety disorders: separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, or specific phobia
bOther: Asperger’s disorder, depressive disorder, adjustment disorder, elimination disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, stuttering, tic disorder. None had manic or bipolar, psychotic, or eating disorder
A version of this table has been previously published by our group [37]. In this new version we have included new data regarding gray matter volume results