Three SNPs increase in frequency during SHFV replication. (a, b, and c) Three SNPs that increased in frequency in multiple macaques during replication were identified. (d) A single site was simulated for 5 × 106 virions, for which 76% harbored an A allele and 24% harbored a G allele. Samples of 1,000 alleles were then taken without replacement from this “parental population” to represent the dilution of the stock SHFV to 1,000 PFU. The frequency of the A allele was calculated in each of the 1,000 allele samples and is displayed as a histogram. The y axis represents the number of simulated replicates, and the x axis is the change in frequency of the A allele between the parental and sample populations. A total of 100,000 simulations were performed. The maximum change in frequency observed among all 100,000 replicates was 6%.