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Acoustic microscopy. (a) Mean reflectivity (measurement of the strength of a material) of the carapace of D. cucullata and D. pulex. Plastic responses of both Daphnia species were induced by water-soluble chemicals released by the predacious phantom-midge larvae. Asterisks indicate significant differences to the control (***, P < 0.001; **, P < 0.01). (b) A 1.2-GHz phase-sensitive acoustic microscopy amplitude image of the carapace of D. pulex (140 × 150 μm2).
