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. 2017 Feb 1;8(1):85–100. doi: 10.14336/AD.2016.0806

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Copyright: © 2017 Li, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Figure 2. — Galanin treatment protects neurons against MCAO and OGD-induced ischemic injuries. (A and B) Representative TTC staining and graphs, showing significant decrease of infarct volume of ischemic stroke mice after 5 fmol and 5 pmol GAL pre-treatment (n=6 per group); (C) Neurological scores of mice after 1 h MCAO and 24 h reperfusion showed a significant attenuation of deficits at 5 pmol (but not 5 fmol) GAL pre-treatment (n=8 per group); (D) Evaluation of muscle strength using the wire hanging test. All sham group mice could stay on the wire mesh for the maximum observation period of 600s, but MCAO mice showed a significant decrease of latency time. 5 pmol GAL pre-treatment also showed a significant improvement, but still significantly lower than the sham group (n=8 per group); (E) Evaluation of limb coordination via the cylinder test shows a marked increase of contralateral limb usage in mice receiving 5 pmol GAL pre-treatment (n=8 per group); (F) Cerebral blood flow (CBF) of the middle cerebral artery detected via Laser Doppler flowmetry, which shows a significant decrease of CBF after insertion of the intraluminal monofilament, but no changes were observed after the i.c.v injection of GAL (n=5 per group); (G) Neurological scores of mice after 1 hr MCAO/3-7 d reperfusion showed a significant attenuation of deficits after 5 pmol GAL post-treatment (n=8 per group); (H) Evaluation of muscle strength via the wire hanging test. MCAO mice showed a significant decrease of latency time. Conversely, the 5 pmol GAL post-treatment group showed a significant improvement (n=8 per group); (I) Evaluation of limb coordination the cylinder test, showing a marked increase of contralateral limb usage of ischemic stroke mice receiving 5 pmol GAL after reperfusion (n=8 per group); (J) The MTS assay results show that pre-incubation with GAL 15 min prior to OGD could increase neuronal survival rates in a dosage dependent manner in primary cultured cortical neurons after 1 h OGD/24 hr reoxygenation (n=6 per group); (K) The cytotoxicity assay results indicate a significant decrease of cell death rates in GAL-treated group when compared with OGD group (n=6 per group); (L) MTS assay demonstrate that pre-incubation with the GalR2/3 agonist AR-M1896 at various concentrations 15 min prior to OGD did not affect neuronal survival rates of primary cultured cortical neurons after 1 h OGD/24 h reoxygenation (n=6 per group). Data are presented as mean ± SEM; *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 vs. sham/0 M GAL; #p<0.05, ##p<0.01, ###p<0.001 vs. MCAO group.