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. 2017 Jan 25;23:1–7.

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Copyright © 2017 Molecular Vision.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, used for non-commercial purposes, and is not altered or transformed.

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Epac1 agonist decreased TNF-α and IL-1β in vitro. Data show results from retinal endothelial cells (RECs) grown in normal glucose (NG) or high glucose (HG) only, grown in NG or HG and treated with CPT-2’-O-Me-cAMP, an exchange protein for cAMP 1 (Epac1)-specific agonist (NG or HG+8CPT-cAMP), and grown in NG and HG and treated with scrambled (NG or HG+Sc) or Epac1 siRNA (NG or HG+Epac1 siRNA). A: Western blot data show successful knockdown of Epac1. B: Western blot data for Epac2 show that CPT-2’-O-Me-cAMP is specific for Epac1. C: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) data for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). D: Data for interleukin-1β (IL-1β). E: Western blot results for nuclear factor kappa beta (NFκB). F: Western blot results for inhibitor of kappa beta (IκB). n = 4 for each group. Data are mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM). * p<0.05 versus NG, #p<0.05 versus HG, $p<0.05 versus HG+8CPT-cAMP.