Table 2.
List of variables entered into each model: Model 1 initially included Demographic/Family and Youth Behavior, Mood, and Cognition variables. Model 2 initially included all of the variables from Model 1 + Neuropsychological Testing Variables. Model 3 initially included all of the Variables from Models 1 + 2 + Neuroimaging variables [cortical thickness and blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) response during a visual working memory task]. Grayed-out boxes indicate variables that were not selected for the final model. Demographic and neuropsychological variables predicting initiation into alcohol use by age 18 are marked with an X. For neuroimaging data (Model 3), Desikan (39) brain region location is specified using R=right hemisphere, L=left hemisphere, as well as the neuroimaging index CT=cortical thickness and BOLD=BOLD response contrast during a visual working memory task (6-dot supra-span relative to the 2-dot sub-span condition).
| Model 1: | Model 2: | Model 3: | |
|---|---|---|---|
| DEMOGRAPHIC/FAMILY VARIABLES | |||
| 1. Sex | X | X | X |
| 2. Baseline age | |||
| 3. Follow-up age | X | X | X |
| 4. Race | |||
| 5. Hollingshead Index of Social Position score (socioeconomic status) | X | X | X |
| 6. Family history density of alcohol or drug use disorder | |||
| 7. Pubertal Development Scale total | X | ||
| 8. Grade in school | |||
| 9. Birth order | |||
| 10. Living with both parents | |||
| 11. Parents’ marital status | |||
| YOUTH BEHAVIOR, MOOD, AND COGNITION | |||
| 12. Dating status | X | X | X |
| 13. Child involvement in extracurricular activities | |||
| 14. Hours of video games per week | |||
| 15. Grade point average | X | ||
| 16. CBCL Externalizing T-score | |||
| 17. CBCL Internalizing T-score | |||
| 18. CBCL Withdrawn T-score | |||
| 19. CBCL Somatic complaints T-score | |||
| 20. CBCL Anxious/depressed T-score | |||
| 21. CBCL Social Problems T-score | |||
| 22. CBCL Thought Problems T-score | |||
| 23. CBCL Attention Problems T-score | |||
| 24. CBCL Delinquent Behavior T-score | |||
| 25. CBCL Aggressive Behavior T-score | |||
| 26. CBCL Total Problem T-score | X | ||
| 27. Conduct Disorders Questionnaire total | X | X | X |
| 28. Beck Depression Inventory-II total | |||
| 29. State Trait Anxiety Inventory total | |||
| 30. AEQ Total Score | X | X | X |
| 31. AEQ Global Positive total | X | X | X |
| 32. AEQ Social Behavior Change total | X | X | X |
| 33. AEQ Improved Performance total | |||
| 34. AEQ Sexual Enhancement total | |||
| 35. AEQ Impaired Performance total | |||
| 36. AEQ Increased Arousal total | |||
| 37. AEQ Relaxation total | |||
| 38. CDDR baseline lifetime smoking days (< 5 for all participants) | |||
| 39. CDDR baseline lifetime drinking days (<10) | |||
| 40. CDDR baseline lifetime marijuana use days (<3) | |||
| 41. Repetitions excluded from fMRI series due to motion | X | ||
| NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING VARIABLES | |||
| 1. Digit Vigilance total time to complete (sec) | X | X | |
| 2. WASI Block Design raw | X | X | |
| 3. WASI Matrix Reasoning raw | X | X | |
| 4. WASI Vocabulary raw | X | ||
| 5. WASI Similarities raw | |||
| 6. D-KEFS Trails Condition 4 (Number-Letter Switching) time to complete (sec) | X | ||
| 7. D-KEFS Towers Total Achievement Score raw | |||
| 8. D-KEFS Color Word Interference Inhibition time to complete (sec) | |||
| 9. D-KEFS Color Word Interference Inhibition/Switching time to complete (sec) | |||
| 10. ROCF copy accuracy | |||
| 11. ROCF delay accuracy | |||
| 12. WISC-III Digits Forward raw | |||
| 13. WISC-III Digits Backward raw | |||
| 14. WISC-III Arithmetic raw | |||
| 15. WISC-III Coding raw | |||
| 16. WISC-III Mazes raw | |||
| 17. WAIS-IV Letter-Number Sequence raw | |||
| 18. Hooper Visual Organization Test total raw | |||
| 19. CVLT list A total 1 to 5 raw | |||
| 20. CVLT list A Trial 1 raw | |||
| 21. CVLT list A Trial 5 raw | |||
| 22. CVLT short delay free raw | |||
| 23. CVLT short delay cued raw | |||
| 24. CVLT long delay free raw | |||
| 25. CVLT long delay cued raw | |||
| 26. WRAT-3 Reading raw | |||
| CORTICAL THICKNESS AND BOLD REGIONS | |||
| Based on Desikan atlas (39); 34 regions per hemisphere, cortical thickness and fMRI measures for each region listed; 34 × 2 × 2=136 total variables | |||
| 1. Banks of superior temporal sulcus | L-CT | ||
| 2. Caudal anterior cingulate | R-BOLD | ||
| 3. Caudal middle frontal | |||
| 4. Cuneus | |||
| 5. Entorhinal | |||
| 6. Fusiform | |||
| 7. Inferior parietal | |||
| 8. Inferior temporal | |||
| 9. Isthmus cingulate | |||
| 10. Lateral occipital | L-CT | ||
| 11. Lateral orbitofrontal | |||
| 12. Lingual | L-CT | ||
| 13. Medial orbitofrontal | |||
| 14. Middle temporal | R-CT, L-BOLD | ||
| 15. Parahippocampal | |||
| 16. Paracentral | |||
| 17. Pars opercularis | |||
| 18. Pars orbitalis | R-CT | ||
| 19. Pars triangularis | |||
| 20. Pericalcarine | |||
| 21. Postcentral | |||
| 22. Posterior cingulate | R-BOLD | ||
| 23. Precentral | |||
| 24. Precuneus | R-CT, L-BOLD, R-BOLD | ||
| 25. Rostral anterior cingulate | L-CT | ||
| 26. Rostral middle frontal | R-CT | ||
| 27. Superior frontal | R-CT | ||
| 28. Superior parietal | L-CT, R-CT | ||
| 29. Superior temporal | R-BOLD | ||
| 30. Supramarginal | L-CT | ||
| 31. Frontal pole | R-CT, R-BOLD | ||
| 32. Temporal pole | R-CT | ||
| 33. Transverse temporal | L-CT | ||
| 34. Insula |
CBCL=Child Behavior Checklist; AEQ=Alcohol Expectancy Questionnaire; CDDR =Customary Drinking and Drug Use Record; WASI=Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence; D-KEFS=Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System; ROCF=Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure; WISC-III=Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, 3rd edition; WAIS-IV=Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; CVLT= California Verbal Learning Test; WRAT-3= Wide Range Achievement Test-3 Reading scores