Table 3.

Differences of leaf traits between alien and native aquatic vascular plants using final linear mixed models

Trait	Estimate	SE	t‐value
All
LA
Intercept	3.468	1.804	1.923
Nativeness	2.894	1.029	2.811*
Growth‐form (Nymphaeid) max	2.877	0.823	3.497*
Altitude	0.265	0.884	0.300 NS
Latitude	−1.788	2.973	−0.601 NS
pH	−3.424	1.949	−1.757 NS
Depth	−0.995	0.389	−2.557*
LDMC
Intercept	0.056	0.753	0.075
Nativeness	0.639	0.551	1.159 NS
Growth‐form (Potamid) max	0.836	0.423	1.976 NS
Altitude	0.102	0.252	0.406 NS
Latitude	−0.214	0.722	−0.296 NS
pH	2.413	0.855	2.820*
Depth	0.706	0.167	4.229*
SLA
Intercept	36.840	11.591	3.178
Nativeness	−0.695	0.279	−2.494*
Growth‐form (Nymphaeid) max	−0.738	0.209	−3.527*
Altitude	0.144	0.095	1.522 NS
Latitude	−20.984	6.978	−3.007*
pH	0.025	0.406	0.061 NS
Depth	−0.059	0.104	−0.565 NS
LNC
Intercept	137.395	28.042	4.900
Nativeness	0.138	0.553	0.249 NS
Growth‐form (Pleustophyte) max	−0.294	0.119	−2.478*
Altitude	0.452	0.112	4.024*
Latitude	−94.228	13.766	−6.845*
pH	−0.342	0.378	−0.905 NS
Depth	0.005	0.082	0.059 NS
Herbid
LA
Intercept	2.481	0.563	4.408
Nativeness	1.029	0.798	1.289 NS
Altitude	Data deficient
Latitude	Data deficient
pH	Data deficient
Depth	Data deficient
LDMC
Intercept	0.789	0.102	7.751
Nativeness	1.420	0.144	9.840*
Altitude	Data deficient
Latitude	Data deficient
pH	Data deficient
Depth	Data deficient
SLA
Intercept	2.001	0.155	12.880
Nativeness	−0.832	0.220	−3.782*
Altitude	Data deficient
Latitude	Data deficient
pH	Data deficient
Depth	Data deficient
LNC
Intercept	1.827	0.006	285.170
Nativeness	0.298	0.009	32.860*
Altitude	Data deficient
Latitude	Data deficient
pH	Data deficient
Depth	Data deficient
Myriophyllid
LA
Intercept	0.781	4.251	0.184
Nativeness	−2.466	1.215	−2.029*
Altitude	−0.271	1.043	−0.260 NS
Latitude	−3.672	1.989	−1.846 NS
pH	8.874	8.905	0.996 NS
Depth	−0.666	0.604	−1.102 NS
LDMC
Intercept	6.470	0.743	8.704
Nativeness	−0.095	0.069	−1.385 NS
Altitude	0.814	0.155	5.258*
Latitude	1.328	0.384	3.461*
pH	−9.223	1.335	−6.910*
Depth	−0.077	0.106	−0.721 NS
SLA
Intercept	−2.994	3.795	−0.789
Nativeness	1.134	0.334	3.391*
Altitude	−0.871	0.686	−1.270 NS
Latitude	−0.596	2.204	−0.270 NS
pH	8.363	5.857	1.428 NS
Depth	0.168	0.398	0.424 NS
LNC
Intercept	1.642	4.157	0.395
Nativeness	−0.042	0.202	−0.208 NS
Altitude	−0.329	0.743	−0.443 NS
Latitude	−1.685	1.327	−1.270 NS
pH	3.809	8.154	0.467 NS
Depth	0.341	0.387	0.881 NS
Nymphaeid
LA
Intercept	3.340	5.780	0.578
Nativeness	0.468	0.276	1.696 NS
Altitude	1.493	1.042	1.433 NS
Latitude	−2.878	3.277	−0.878 NS
pH	1.903	2.747	0.693 NS
Depth	−0.559	0.435	−1.285 NS
LDMC
Intercept	5.409	11.959	0.452
Nativeness	−0.249	0.265	−0.940 NS
Altitude	−0.579	0.680	−0.851 NS
Latitude	0.482	8.244	0.058 NS
pH	−3.227	1.799	−1.794 NS
Depth	0.480	0.328	1.462 NS
SLA
Intercept	1.191	0.076	15.720
Nativeness	0.154	0.116	1.326 NS
Altitude	−0.628	0.372	−1.687 NS
Latitude	−66.962	36.132	−1.853 NS
pH	−0.784	0.733	−1.070 NS
Depth	−0.118	0.148	−0.800 NS
LNC
Intercept	4.556	0.725	6.282
Nativeness	0.197	0.095	2.074*
Altitude	−0.628	0.316	−1.990 NS
Latitude	−0.616	0.436	−1.411 NS
pH	−0.762	0.591	−1.288 NS
Depth	0.221	0.245	0.904 NS
Peplid
LA
Intercept	7.853	3.000	2.618
Nativeness	−2.786	1.283	−2.171*
Altitude	Data deficient
Latitude	Data deficient
pH	−7.139	3.350	−2.131*
Depth	Data deficient
LDMC
Intercept	−4.184	12.914	−0.324
Nativeness	−0.198	0.855	−0.232 NS
Altitude	Data deficient
Latitude	Data deficient
pH	6.758	14.427	0.468 NS
Depth	Data deficient
SLA
Intercept	13.200	33.871	0.390
Nativeness	−0.390	2.218	−0.176 NS
Altitude	Data deficient
Latitude	Data deficient
pH	−12.470	37.839	−0.330 NS
Depth	Data deficient
LNC
Intercept	−17.261	30.474	−0.566
Nativeness	1.652	1.977	0.836 NS
Altitude	Data deficient
Latitude	Data deficient
pH	21.025	34.044	0.618 NS
Depth	Data deficient
Pleustophyte
LA
Intercept	466.955	79.017	5.910
Nativeness	−2.805	1.109	−2.530*
Altitude	0.894	0.994	0.900 NS
Latitude	−316.507	46.668	−6.782*
pH	−8.610	1.415	−6.085*
Depth	−1.018	0.436	−2.335*
LDMC
Intercept	−3.170	5.349	−0.593
Nativeness	0.078	0.196	0.401 NS
Altitude	1.266	0.936	1.352 NS
Latitude	0.105	2.119	0.049 NS
pH	2.836	2.549	1.112 NS
Depth	0.839	0.687	1.221 NS
SLA
Intercept	21.369	36.906	0.579
Nativeness	0.728	0.316	2.301*
Altitude	−0.070	0.492	−0.143 NS
Latitude	−12.964	25.644	−0.506 NS
pH	−0.876	1.121	−0.781 NS
Depth	0.295	0.261	1.128 NS
LNC
Intercept	210.851	86.055	2.450
Nativeness	0.342	0.207	1.655 NS
Altitude	0.390	1.015	0.384 NS
Latitude	−144.133	58.364	−2.470*
pH	−1.693	1.622	−1.043 NS
Depth	−0.175	0.363	−0.482 NS
Potamid
LA
Intercept	12.215	5.896	2.072
Nativeness	−2.802	1.066	−2.627*
Altitude	−0.776	0.534	−1.452 NS
Latitude	0.859	2.081	0.413 NS
pH	−10.632	6.397	−1.662 NS
Depth	0.638	0.399	1.600 NS
LDMC
Intercept	5.075	2.938	1.727
Nativeness	0.119	0.059	2.019*
Altitude	0.232	0.416	0.558 NS
Latitude	−0.321	1.711	−0.187 NS
pH	−3.369	2.270	−1.484 NS
Depth	0.002	0.074	0.022 NS
SLA
Intercept	32.675	28.130	1.162
Nativeness	0.203	0.073	2.793*
Altitude	0.349	0.153	2.286*
Latitude	−19.199	17.052	−1.126 NS
pH	−1.316	1.347	−0.976 NS
Depth	−0.328	0.091	−3.596*
LNC
Intercept	112.685	58.465	1.927
Nativeness	−0.002	0.098	−0.022 NS
Altitude	0.358	0.264	1.353 NS
Latitude	−76.383	39.689	−1.925 NS
pH	−1.290	2.367	−0.545 NS
Depth	0.020	0.121	0.167 NS
Vallisnerid
LA
Intercept	3.179	5.214	0.610
Nativeness	0.329	0.585	0.563 NS
Altitude	0.064	0.790	0.081 NS
Latitude	1.518	0.780	1.946 NS
pH	−2.011	5.969	−0.337 NS
Depth	0.836	0.776	1.078 NS
LDMC
Intercept	−118.865	83.718	−1.420
Nativeness	−0.449	0.374	−1.202 NS
Altitude	−1.399	1.126	−1.242 NS
Latitude	71.980	49.126	1.465 NS
pH	4.722	9.437	0.500 NS
Depth	−0.429	1.122	−0.382 NS
SLA
Intercept	3.584	1.421	2.521
Nativeness	0.900	0.344	2.618*
Altitude	0.131	0.215	0.610 NS
Latitude	0.561	0.374	1.498 NS
pH	−3.584	1.934	−1.853 NS
Depth	−0.090	0.225	−0.401 NS
LNC
Intercept	0.679	0.914	0.743
Nativeness	0.609	0.286	2.131*
Altitude	0.291	0.357	0.816 NS
Latitude	0.875	1.094	0.799 NS
pH	−21.716	11.120	−1.953 NS
Depth	Data deficient

Country, site (nested within country), and species identity were treated as a random factor. Peplid and Vallisnerid growth‐form was omitted from the analyses due to the lack of alien‐native species pairs. Traits with |t| > 2.00 mean substantial differences and indicated with an asterisk (*). Traits with |t| < 2.00 means non‐substantial differences and indicated with NS