Table 1.
Characteristics of kidney transplant candidates by race/ethnicity
| Total (n=602) |
NonHispanic African American (n=199) |
NonHispanic White (n=271) |
Other Minorities (n=132) |
Test Statistic‡ |
p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Characteristics | ||||||
| Gender (male) - % (N) | 96.7 (582) | 94.5 (188) | 97.8 (265) | 97.7 (129) | χ2 =4.50 | 0.11 |
| Age – m (sd)a | 59.6 (9.1) | 57.4 (9.6) | 61.3 (8.5) | 59.2 (9.1) | K=22.56 | 0.00 |
| Education (< high school) - % (N) | 31.9 (192) | 30.2 (60) | 35.8 (97) | 26.5 (35) | χ2 =3.93 | 0.14 |
| Household income (< $50,000)b- % (N) | 73.2 (434) | 72.1 (142) | 71.9 (192) | 77.5 (100) | χ2 =1.58 | 0.45 |
| Insurance (public only)c- % (N) | 73.5 (442) | 73.4 (146) | 73.7 (199) | 73.5 (97) | χ2 =7.18 | 0.13 |
| Occupation (≥ skilled manual worker)d,e- % (N) | 47.0 (281) | 45.7 (90) | 46.7 (126) | 49.6 (65) | χ2 =0.51 | 0.78 |
| Marital Status (not married) - % (N) | 40.5 (244) | 44.7 (89) | 35.1 (95) | 45.5 (60) | χ2 =6.15 | 0.05 |
| Study Location - % (N) | χ2 =71.45 | 0.00 | ||||
| Site A | 20.1 (121) | 27.1 (54) | 16.2 (44) | 17.4 (23) | ||
| Site B | 19.1 (115) | 18.1 (36) | 22.1 (60) | 14.4 (19) | ||
| Site C | 35.7 (215) | 46.2 (92) | 35.1 (95) | 21.2 (28) | ||
| Site D | 25.1 (151) | 8.5 (17) | 26.6 (72) | 47.0 (62) | ||
| Medical Factors | ||||||
| Charlson Comorbidity Index – m(sd)f,g | 4.5 (1.7) | 4.4 (1.9) | 4.5 (1.7) | 4.5 (1.6) | K=0.94 | 0.63 |
| Type of Dialysis - % (N) | ||||||
| Hemodialysis** | 61.1 (368) | 66.3 (132) | 53.1 (144) | 69.7 (92) | χ2 =14.97 | 0.00 |
| Peritoneal Dialysis | 10.5 (63) | 11.6 (23) | 9.2 (25) | 11.4 (15) | χ2 =1.53 | 0.67 |
| Burden of Kidney Disease – m(sd)h | 3.6 (1.1) | 3.6 (1.1) | 3.6 (1.1) | 3.6 (1.1) | K=0.29 | 0.87 |
| Network of Potential Donors - m(sd)i | 24.3 (24.1) | 26.8 (21.3) | 20.0 (18.0) | 29.5 (35.1) | K=22.33 | 0.00 |
| Have a Living Donor at T1 (yes)j - % (N) | 41.1 (241) | 40.2 (78) | 41.9 (111) | 40.6 (52) | χ2 =0.14 | 0.93 |
| Cultural Factors | ||||||
| Experience of Discrimination (any) - %(N)k | 36.8 (221) | 59.6 (118) | 19.9 (54) | 37.4 (49) | χ2 =77.41 | 0.00 |
| Perceived Racisml - m(sd) | 2.3 (0.7) | 2.6 (0.7) | 2.2 (0.7) | 2.4 (0.8) | K=46.86 | 0.00 |
| Medical Mistrustm - m(sd) | 2.5 (0.5) | 2.6 (0.5) | 2.4 (0.5) | 2.5 (0.5) | K=23.68 | 0.00 |
| Trust in Physiciann - m(sd) | 2.3 (0.5) | 2.3 (0.5) | 2.2 (0.4) | 2.3 (0.5) | K=7.56 | 0.02 |
| Family Loyaltyo - m(sd) | 50.9 (9.1) | 51.6 (9.6) | 49.4 (7.8) | 52.8 (10.0) | K=17.87 | 0.00 |
| Religious Objectionp,q - m(sd) | 2.0 (0.5) | 2.0 (0.5) | 1.9 (0.5) | 2.0 (0.5) | K=6.40 | 0.04 |
| Psychosocial Characteristics - m(sd) | ||||||
| Social supportr | 40.7 (9.2) | 41.1 (8.7) | 40.2 (9.6) | 40.9 (9.1) | K=0.89 | 0.64 |
| Self-esteems | 3.1 (0.6) | 3.1 (0.6) | 3.0 (0.6) | 3.1 (0.6) | K=4.63 | 0.10 |
| Masteryt | 3.0 (0.5) | 3.0 (0.5) | 2.9 (0.5) | 3.0 (0.6) | K=4.08 | 0.13 |
| Locus of Control | ||||||
| Internalj,u | 4.2 (1.1) | 4.2 (1.1) | 4.1(1.0) | 4.3 (1.1) | K=2.46 | 0.29 |
| Externalc,v | 3.5 (0.8) | 3.6 (0.8) | 3.4 (0.8) | 3.5 (0.8) | K=11.37 | 0.00 |
| Anxiety (≥ moderate) - % (N) | 1.5 (9) | 1.0 (2) | 1.5 (4) | 2.3 (3) | χ2 =0.87 | 0.57 |
| Depression (≥ moderate) - % (N) | 2.8 (17) | 1.5 (3) | 4.1 (11) | 2.3 (3) | χ2 =2.91 | 0.24 |
| Transplant Knowledge and Education - m(sd) | ||||||
| Transplant Knowledgew | 21.7 (2.5) | 21.4 (2.7) | 22.2 (2.2) | 21.1(2.6) | K=20.32 | 0.00 |
| Number of learning activitiesx | 4.5 (1.6) | 4.4 (1.7) | 4.6 (1.5) | 4.7 (1.5) | K=1.22 | 0.54 |
| Total hours of learning activitiesk,y | 23.2 (24.9) | 23.6 (26.9) | 21.9 (22.4) | 25.1 (26.9) | K=1.77 | 0.41 |
| Transplant Concernsz - m(sd) | 10.6 (4.7) | 10.3 (4.5) | 10.3 (4.5) | 11.4 (5.3) | K=3.78 | 0.15 |
| Donor Preference - % (N) | χ2 =4.14 | 0.39 | ||||
| Deceased donor | 11.6 (70) | 8.0 (16) | 14.0 (38) | 12.1(16) | ||
| Living donor | 74.8 (450) | 78.4 (156) | 72.3 (196) | 74.2 (98) | ||
| No preference | 13.6 (82) | 13.6 (27) | 13.7 (37) | 13.6 (18) | ||
| Living Donor Recruitment- % (N) | ||||||
| Willing to accept volunteer (yes)b | 89.0 (528) | 90.3 (177) | 90.7 (243) | 83.7 (108) | χ2 =4.79 | 0.09 |
| Willing to ask for donation (yes)zz | 58.0 (342) | 68.0 (132) | 52.6 (140) | 53.8 (70) | χ2 =12.09 | 0.00 |
Notes:
chi-squared (χ2) test was performed for categorical variables and Kruskal-Wallis (K) was performed for continuous variables.
Range = 27.0–87.0;
Based on n=593 due to missing data on this variable;
Based on n=601 due to missing data on this variable;
Based on the Hollingshead Occupational Scale;
Based on n=598 due to missing data on this variable;
Based on n=595 due to missing data on this variable;
Range = 2.0–13.0;
Range = 1.0–5.0;
Range = 2.0–214.0;
Based on n=587 due to missing data on this variable;
Based on n=600 due to missing data on this variable;
Range = 1.0–4.7);
Range = 1.0–4.1;
Range = 1.0–4.1;
Range = 16.0–76.0;
Based on n=596 due to missing data on this variable;
Range = 1.0–3.5;
Range = 11.0–48.0;
Range = 1.0–4.1;
Range = 1.0–5.3;
Range = 1.0–6.0;
Range = 1.0–5.6;
Range = 8.0–27.0;
Range = 0.0–8.0;
Range = 0.0–101.0;
Range = 0.0–25.0;
Based on n=590 due to missing data on this variable.