Table 4.

Comparison of surgical and clinical outcomes

Variables	Study group (SG) (n = 36)	Control group (CG) (n = 1102)	Specified control group (SCG) (n = 147)	p value*
				SG vs. CG	SG vs. SCG
Operative approach				0.172	0.375
Complete VATS	28 (77.8)	839 (76.1)	108 (73.5)
Hybrid VATS	4 (11.1)	56 (5.1)	10 (6.8)
Open thoracotomy	4 (11.1)	207 (18.8)	29 (19.7)
Operative method				0.834	0.355
Wedge resection	6 (16.7)	171 (15.7)	33 (19.7)
Segmentectomy	6 (16.7)	239 (21.9)	29 (22.5)
Lobectomy	23 (65.3)	627 (57.6)	82 (55.8)
Bilobectomy	1 (2.8)	29 (2.7)	3 (2)
Pneumonectomy	0	23 (2.1)	0
Operative time (min)	204 (152–280)	195 (145–248)	191 (133–257)	0.334	0.304
Blood loss (ml)	102.5 (10–323)	74 (15–213)	70 (10–419)	0.528	0.357
Intraoperative complication	3 (8.3)	42 (3.8)	3 (2)	0.171	0.246
Bleeding	2	39	2
Others	1	3	1
Duration of drainage (days)	4 (3–6)	3 (3-5)	4 (3–6)	0.220	0.725
Length of stay (days)	10 (8–12)	10 (7–13)	11 (8–14)	0.804	0.725
Postoperative complication	4 (11.1)	116 (10.5)	21 (14.3)	0.911	0.619
30-day mortality	0	6 (0.54)	3 (2)	1	1
90-day mortality	0	7 (0.64)	4 (2.2)	1	1
Pathology				0.300	0.82
Adenocarcinoma	23 (63.9)	822 (74.6)	98 (66.7)
Squamous cell carcinoma	10 (27.8)	198 (18.0)	15 (10.2)
Others	3 (8.3)	82 (7.4)	34 (23.1)
Pathological stage				0.870	0.831
I	28 (77.8)	767 (69.6)	109 (74.2)
II	3 (8.3)	138 (12.5)	19 (12.9)
III	5 (13.9)	172 (15.6)	17 (11.5)
IV	0	25 (2.3)	2 (1.4)

VATS video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery

* Based on Fischer’s exact test or Chi-square test (categorical variables), or Mann–Whitney’s U test (continuous variables). Continuous variables are expressed as median and interquartile range; categorical variables are expressed as a number and percentage