Table 2.
Age-standardized all-cause mortality rates per 100.000 person years, by educational group, men and women
| Country/period | Educational level | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Low | Middle | High | |||||
| ASMR | 95% CI | ASMR | 95% CI | ASMR | 95% CI | ASMR | 95% CI | |
| Finland | ||||||||
| 1970–1974 | 2205.3 | (2191.6–2219.9) | 2307.7 | (2291.6–2324.1) | 1769.5 | (1720.6–1815.8) | 1669.2 | (1621.7–1716.2) |
| 1975–1979 | 2014.2 | (2000.9–2028.2) | 2128.9 | (2113.8–2143.8) | 1598.9 | (1556.1–1638.1) | 1498.2 | (1461.5–1536.6) |
| 1980–1984 | 1812.5 | (1800.7–1823.5) | 1934.9 | (1921.6–1949.2) | 1575.4 | (1537.1–1611.1) | 1290.6 | (1260.4–1324.3) |
| 1985–1989 | 1673.1 | (1660.9–1683.3) | 1820.2 | (1806.8–1834.2) | 1485.1 | (1453.9–1515.6) | 1156.7 | (1131.8–1183.7) |
| 1990–1994 | 1485.2 | (1475.3–1495.8) | 1655.3 | (1642.5–1668.8) | 1344.4 | (1318.4–1371.7) | 997.7 | (975.5–1020.9) |
| 1995–1999 | 1304.9 | (1296.2–1314.6) | 1499.0 | (1484.3–1511.6) | 1213.6 | (1192.4–1236.7) | 842.8 | (824.2–861.0) |
| 2000–2004 | 1130.6 | (1123.1–1139.2) | 1363.2 | (1349.7–1375.9) | 1063.8 | (1047.1–1080.6) | 718.3 | (703.8–733.1) |
| 2005–2009 | 1016.6 | (1009.8–1024.2) | 1294.8 | (1280.2–1309.4) | 1003.5 | (990.4–1018.2) | 627.6 | (615.8–639.0) |
| Percent change last—first (95% CI) | −53.9% | (−54.3 to −53.5%) | −43.9% | (−44.6 to −43.2%) | −43.3% | (−44.9 to −41.6%) | −62.4% | (−63.6 to −61.1%) |
| Absolute change last—first (95% CI) | −1188.7 | (−1204.6 to −1172.8) | −1012.9 | (−1034.7 to −991.1) | −766.0 | (−815.6 to −716.4) | −1041.6 | (−1090.3 to −992.9) |
| Norway | ||||||||
| 1970–1974 | 1727.1 | (1716.0–1738.0) | 1827.9 | (1810.0–1845.5) | 1595.6 | (1578.1–1615.6) | 1329.7 | (1287.5–1372.2) |
| 1975–1979 | 1711.9 | (1700.8–1723.6) | 1838.6 | (1818.5–1860.4) | 1599.6 | (1574.9–1616.0) | 1255.0 | (1216.2–1293.0) |
| 1980–1984 | 1628.1 | (1617.6–1638.8) | 1780.5 | (1764.6–1801.0) | 1514.2 | (1494.6–1530.2) | 1180.7 | (1149.7–1211.5) |
| 1985–1989 | 1594.0 | (1581.9–1603.9) | 1792.1 | (1768.9–1812.8) | 1470.3 | (1449.8–1487.7) | 1085.0 | (1053.5–1115.3) |
| 1990–1994 | 1412.3 | (1402.0–1422.0) | 1656.4 | (1638.5–1675.8) | 1310.6 | (1293.4–1323.4) | 945.7 | (917.0–967.1) |
| 1995–1999 | 1245.4 | (1236.6–1254.7) | 1572.3 | (1554.2–1596.1) | 1146.9 | (1133.5–1162.7) | 800.8 | (782.5–818.8) |
| 2000–2004 | 1028.2 | (1020.2–1035.3) | 1381.2 | (1361.1–1405.7) | 953.4 | (940.5–965.9) | 660.3 | (642.4–677.8) |
| 2005–2009 | 933.8 | (922.9–943.8) | 1284.2 | (1253.5–1310.3) | 892.4 | (880.0–906.2) | 596.5 | (578.5–614.0) |
| Percent change last—first (95% CI) | −45.9% | (−46.7 to −45.2%) | −29.7% | (−31.3 to −28.2%) | −11.1% | (−45.4 to −42.8%) | −55.1% | (−57.3 to 52.9%) |
| Absolute change last—first (95% CI) | −793.3 | (−810.1 to −776.5) | −543.7 | (−574.1 to −513.3) | −703.2 | (−732.0 to −674.4) | −733.2 | (−781.9 to −684.5) |
| England and Wales | ||||||||
| 1970–1974 | 1969.3 | (1935.0–2002.1) | 1965.1 | (1928.3–2005.4) | NA | NA | 1493.0 | (1333.2–1655.0) |
| 1975–1979 | 1868.1 | (1836.0–1902.0) | 1898.5 | (1860.6–1935.9) | NA | NA | 1220.7 | (1106.9–1332.8) |
| 1980–1984 | 1650.6 | (1622.5–1682.0) | 1703.0 | (1665.3–1735.6) | NA | NA | 1063.8 | (971.5–1154.9) |
| 1985–1989 | 1486.7 | (1456.2–1516.7) | 1544.9 | (1515.3–1576.5) | NA | NA | 976.2 | (895.2–1054.0) |
| 1990–1994 | 1334.1 | (1305.5–1360.3) | 1389.4 | (1357.3–1421.4) | NA | NA | 895.6 | (833.2–959.7) |
| 1995–1999 | 1150.0 | (1125.6–1172.6) | 1215.1 | (1184.9–1245.8) | NA | NA | 755.0 | (708.6– 806.1) |
| 2000–2004 | 994.1 | (968.9–1014.2) | 1070.4 | (1043.1–1097.9) | NA | NA | 677.0 | (629.4–722.6) |
| 2005–2009 | 809.9 | (785.5–833.1) | 876.7 | (846.6–906.7) | NA | NA | 559.2 | (514.6–606.8) |
| Percent change last—first (95% CI) | −58.9% | (−60.3 to −57.5%) | −55.4% | (−57.1 to −53.8%) | NA | NA | −62.5% | (−67.3 to −57.2%) |
| Absolute change last—first (95% CI) | −1159.4 | (−1200.5 to −1118.3) | −1088.4 | (−1137.3 to −1039.5) | NA | NA | −933.8 | (−1101.2 to −766.4) |
| France | ||||||||
| 1975–1979 | 1461.9 | (1428.5–1495.3) | 1565.1 | (1525.7–1601.8) | 1155.1 | (1061.9–1261.0) | 861.9 | (749.5–982.4) |
| 1980–1984 | 1466.4 | (1424.1–1508.8) | 1588.4 | (1536.3–1642.8) | 1171.7 | (1067.8–1279.0) | 903.9 | (769.4–1046.6) |
| 1985–1989 | 1423.7 | (1386.9–1460.4) | 1554.5 | (1508.2–1602.6) | 1181.9 | (1095.9–1269.2) | 880.0 | (772.1–989.1) |
| 1990–1994 | 1199.5 | (1171.1–1227.9) | 1351.7 | (1315.6–1391.5) | 1030.8 | (972.2–1084.8) | 674.4 | (599.1–749.5) |
| 1995–1999 | 1160.8 | (1130.4–1191.1) | 1356.5 | (1312.8–1404.1) | 986.7 | (934.8–1404.1) | 630.0 | (556.7–706.8) |
| 2000–2004 | 996.6 | (971.9–1021.4) | 1196.6 | (1155.8–1235.8) | 899.8 | (854.3–940.2) | 548.5 | (491.8–609.8) |
| 2005–2009 | 933.4 | (906.9–959.9) | 1150.3 | (1101.8–1196.7) | 865.3 | (822.1–907.5) | 576.5 | (520.8–633.2) |
| Percent change last—first (95% CI) | −36.2% | (−38.5 to −33.8%) | −26.5% | (−30.1 to−23.1%) | −25.1% | (−31.7 to −18.0%) | −33.1% | (−43.2 to −19.9%) |
| Absolute change last—first (95% CI) | −528.5 | (−571.1 to −485.9) | −414.8 | (−475.6 to −354.0) | −289.8 | (−398.1 to −181.5) | −285.4 | (−414.7 to −156.1) |
| Italy (Turin) | ||||||||
| 1970–1974 | 1694.5 | (1669.0–1718.6) | 1729.6 | (1703.2–1758.0) | 1591.0 | (1501.0- 1678.2) | 1321.8 | (1229.2–1414.7) |
| 1975–1979 | 1607.5 | (1584.1–1632.2) | 1649.9 | (1624.6–1676.9) | 1437.0 | (1351.8–1513.5) | 1289.8 | (1200.9–1385.5) |
| 1980–1984 | 1429.4 | (1407.2–1451.0) | 1482.2 | (1458.1–1505.6) | 1259.1 | (1196.3–1328.9) | 1034.9 | (962.5–1098.7) |
| 1985–1989 | 1251.0 | (1232.2–1270.6) | 1309.9 | (1286.9–1332.7) | 1096.0 | (1039.3–1148.5) | 910.9 | (848.5–975.7) |
| 1990–1994 | 1120.3 | (1102.2–1138.3) | 1192.7 | (1171.7–1214.4) | 978.6 | (933.2–1025.6) | 808.9 | (758.4–860.3) |
| 1995–1999 | 941.2 | (924.8–957.3) | 1019.9 | (999.0–1041.9) | 792.0 | (754.0–830.5) | 669.1 | (623.3–712.9) |
| 2000–2004 | 807.5 | (793.4–821.6) | 904.5 | (884.3–924.6) | 668.6 | (638.5–698.7) | 571.8 | (533.8–609.1) |
| 2005–2009 | 715.2 | (699.7–731.6) | 826.1 | (803.8–850.0) | 596.4 | (565.0–625.6) | 485.7 | (448.9–524.4) |
| Percent change last—first (95% CI) | −57.8% | (−59.0 to −56.6%) | −52.2% | (−53.7 to −50.7%) | −62.5% | (−65.1 to −59.6%) | −63.3% | (−66.9 to −59.1%) |
| Absolute change last—first (95% CI) | −979.3 | (−1008.8 to −949.8) | −903.5 | (−939.3 to −867.7) | −994.6 | (−1088.2 to −901.0) | −836.1 | (−936.2 to −736.0) |
| Hungary | ||||||||
| 1970–1974 | 1997.4 | (1989.3–2004.7) | 2033.4 | (2023.9–2044.4) | 1748.1 | (1714.1–1782.5) | 1769.3 | (1730.3–1810.9) |
| 1980–1984 | 2296.8 | (2287.8–2305.2) | 2373.6 | (2363.9–2386.3) | 1970.4 | (1944.4–2005.3) | 1998.4 | (1966.1–2029.9) |
| 1990–1994 | 2436.0 | (2426.5–2445.2) | 2650.9 | (2640.2–2662.6) | 2103.9 | (2074.4–2134.5) | 1409.4 | (1385.2–1433.8) |
| 2000–2004 | 2194.5 | (2183.9–2202.3) | 2623.7 | (2614.2–2638.5) | 1469.5 | (1449.4–1484.2) | 1020.4 | (1003.3–1033.3) |
| Percent change last—first (95% CI) | +9.9% | (9.2–10.5%) | +29.0% | (28.2–29.9%) | −15.9% | (−17.8 to −13.9%) | −42.3% | (−43.9 to −40.8%) |
| Absolute change last—first (95% CI) | +197.1 | (185.1–209.1) | +590.4 | (574.5–606.2) | −278.6 | (−316.9 to −240.2) | −749.0 | (−792.0 to −706.0) |
In England and Wales, mortality rates among ‘low’ and ‘middle’ educated were combined because ‘middle’ education is not available in the 1980s and 1990s
ASMR age-standardized mortality rate, NA not available, CI confidence interval