Table 3.
Effect of SQ-LNS containing different amounts and sources of zinc provided along with malaria and diarrhea treatment on hemoglobin concentration and iron status indicators among children 9–18 months of age, by study group
| LNS-Zn0 | LNS-Zn5 | LNS-Zn10 | LNS-TabZn5 | P-value among 4 intervention groupsb | IC | NIC | P-value between cohortsb | ICCc | DEd | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hemoglobin (g/L)a, e | ||||||||||
| N (9 and 18 months) | 80 | 73 | 76 | 68 | 297 | 87 | ||||
| Hb at 9 months | 89 ± 15 | 87 ± 14 | 88 ± 16 | 89 ± 15 | 0.925 | 88 ± 15 | 88 ± 16 | 0.805 | 0.02 | 1.3 |
| Hb at 18 months | 97 ± 17 | 96 ± 15 | 98 ± 16 | 98 ± 15 | 0.731 | 97 ± 16 | 90 ± 15 | 0.003 | 0.04 | 1.5 |
| Plasma ferritin (μg/L)f | ||||||||||
| N (9 and 18 months) | 84 | 75 | 79 | 73 | 311 | 93 | ||||
| Unadjusted pF at 9 months | 35.9 (29.6, 43.4) | 29.7 (24.9, 35.4) | 34.1 (28.5, 40.9) | 33.0 (26.5, 41.1) | 0.127 | 33.2 (30.2, 36.5) | 27.4 (23.3, 32.3) | 0.096 | 0.00 | 1.0 |
| Adjusted pF at 9 months | 23.1 (19.4, 27.4) | 18.5 (15.7, 21.8) | 21.6 (18.2, 25.5) | 19.7 (16.3, 23.8) | 0.166 | 20.7 (19.0, 22.6) | 17.0 (14.6, 19.8) | 0.038 | 0.00 | 1.0 |
| Unadjusted pF at 18 months | 44.6 (36.3, 54.7) | 47.7 (38.9, 58.5) | 34.0 (28.7, 40.2) | 42.0 (34.0, 52.1) | 0.023 | 41.7 (37.8, 46.0) | 27.0 (22.3, 32.8) | <0.0001 | 0.04 | 1.5 |
| Adjusted pF at 18 months | 29.5 (24.9, 35.0)ab | 30.5 (25.2, 36.8)a | 22.1 (18.5, 26.4)b | 28.6 (23.3, 35.0)ab | 0.016 | 27.4 (25.0, 30.0) | 16.9 (14.3, 19.9) | <0.0001 | 0.06 | 1.8 |
| Soluble transferrin receptor (mg/L)g | ||||||||||
| N (9 and 18 months) | 84 | 75 | 79 | 73 | 311 | 93 | ||||
| Unadjusted sTfR at 9 months | 17.8 (15.8, 20.0) | 19.7 (17.7, 22.0) | 18.4 (16.5, 20.4) | 18.4 (14.7, 18.6) | 0.286 | 18.1 (17.1, 19.1) | 16.6 (14.8, 18.7) | 0.385 | 0.03 | 1.4 |
| Adjusted sTfR at 9 months | 15.7 (14.0, 17.6) | 17.4 (15.7, 19.4) | 16.2 (14.6, 18.0) | 14.4 (12.9, 16.1) | 0.162 | 15.9 (15.1, 16.8) | 14.6 (13.0, 16.3) | 0.270 | 0.03 | 1.4 |
| Unadjusted sTfR at 18 months | 8.8 (8.1, 9.6) | 9.1 (8.3, 9.9) | 9.0 (8.3, 9.8) | 9.2 (8.4, 10.0) | 0.860 | 9.0 (8.6, 9.4) | 11.9 (10.9, 13.0) | <0.0001 | 0.01 | 1.1 |
| Adjusted sTfR at 18 months | 7.8 (7.2, 8.5) | 8.0 (7.3, 8.7) | 8.0 (7.3, 8.6) | 8.2 (7.5, 8.9) | 0.828 | 8.0 (7.7, 8.3) | 10.6 (9.7, 11.5) | <0.0001 | 0.00 | 1.0 |
| Body iron stores (mg/kg) | ||||||||||
| N (9 and 18 months) | 84 | 75 | 79 | 73 | 311 | 93 | ||||
| Unadjusted BIS at 9 months | 1.06 (0.23, 1.88) | 0.00 (–0.75, 0.75) | 0.76 (0.06, 1.47) | 1.02 (0.18, 1.86) | 0.069 | 0.72 (0.33, 1.10) | 0.34 (–0.37, 1.05) | 0.521 | 0.01 | 1.1 |
| Adjusted BIS at 9 months | –0.08 (–0.88, 0.72) | –1.25 (–1.98,–0.52) | –0.44 (–1.13, 0.25) | –0.35 (–1.14, 0.44) | 0.120 | –0.52 (–0.89,–0.14) | –0.91 (–1.60,–0.22) | 0.401 | 0.01 | 1.1 |
| Unadjusted BIS at 18 months | 4.37 (3.64, 5.10) | 4.51 (3.69, 5.34) | 3.30 (2.57, 4.03) | 4.02 (3.19, 4.84) | 0.025 | 4.05 (3.67, 4.43) | 1.48 (0.76, 2.19) | <0.0001 | 0.05 | 1.7 |
| Adjusted BIS at 18 months | 3.31 (2.66, 3.97)ab | 3.35 (2.56, 4.14)a | 2.21 (1.44, 2.98)b | 3.04 (2.25, 3.83)ab | 0.019 | 2.98 (2.61, 3.35) | 0.22 (–0.44, 0.88) | <0.0001 | 0.06 | 1.8 |
| Zinc protoporphyrin (μmol/mol heme)h | ||||||||||
| N (9 and 18 months) | 81 | 73 | 79 | 73 | 306 | 92 | ||||
| Unadjusted ZPP at 9 months | 212 (184, 244) | 235 (206, 269) | 208 (186, 233) | 202 (177, 230) | 0.703 | 214 (200, 228) | 198 (169, 233) | 0.646 | 0.10 | 2.2 |
| Adjusted ZPP at 9 months | 193 (167, 223) | 212 (185, 242) | 188 (169, 210) | 180 (158, 204) | 0.574 | 193 (181, 206) | 180 (154, 210) | 0.625 | 0.09 | 2.1 |
| Unadjusted ZPP at 18 months | 144 (129, 161) | 151 (137, 168) | 151 (132, 159) | 145 (132, 156) | 0.920 | 146 (139, 153) | 203 (184, 225) | <0.0001 | 0.05 | 1.7 |
| Adjusted ZPP at 18 months | 132 (118, 148) | 137 (124, 151) | 132 (122, 144) | 133 (121, 145) | 0.946 | 133 (127, 140) | 182 (164, 203) | <0.0001 | 0.05 | 1.7 |
Hb hemoglobin concentration, pF plasma ferritin, sTfR soluble transferrin receptor, ZPP zinc protoporphyrin
aAdjusted means ± standard deviation, and geometric mean (95% confidence interval); all such values
bValues in a row with superscripts with different letters differ P < 0.05 using Proc MIXED. Values are adjusted for the random effect of the village
cInter-cluster coefficient calculated based on the cluster (village) variance and the residual variance from proc MIXED
dDesign effect calculated based on the standard error of the intervention with or without the random effect of the cluster
eHb values adjusted for AGP, CRP, and at 18 months, adjusted additionally for baseline value and study season
fpF values adjusted for AGP, CRP, and at 18 months, adjusted additionally for baseline value, baseline iron supplementation, RDT, maternal BMI and study season
gsTfR values adjusted for AGP, CRP, age and sex; and at 18 months, adjusted additionally for baseline value, baseline iron supplementation, study season, and minimum meal frequency
hZPP values adjusted for AGP, CRP and sex; and at 18 months, adjusted additionally for baseline value, baseline iron supplementation, maternal BMI, study season, and animal food source