Table 4.
Effect of SQ-LNS containing different amounts and sources of zinc along with malaria and diarrhea treatment on prevalence of anemia, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia in children aged 9 – 18 months
| LNS-Zn0 | LNS-Zn5 | LNS-Zn10 | LNS-TabZn5 | P-value among 4 intervention groupsb | IC | NIC | P-value between cohortsb | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % Anemia (Hb <110 g/L)a | ||||||||
| At 9 months, N (%) | 76 (95.0) | 69 (94.5) | 72 (94.7) | 62 (91.2) | 0.794 | 279 (93.9) | 80 (91.9) | 0.515 |
| At 18 months, N (%) | 62 (77.5) | 57 (78.1) | 52 (68.4) | 48 (70.6) | 0.503 | 219 (73.7) | 80 (91.9) | 0.0007 |
| % Low plasma ferritin (pF <12 μg/L) | ||||||||
| Low unadjusted pF at 9 months, N (%) | 12 (14.3) | 10 (13.3) | 9 (11.4) | 10 (13.7) | 0.950 | 41 (13.2) | 11 (11.8) | 0.575 |
| Low adjusted pF at 9 months, N (%) | 18 (21.4) | 25 (33.3) | 12 (15.2) | 17 (23.3) | 0.049 | 72 (23.1) | 29 (31.2) | 0.126 |
| Low unadjusted pF at 18 months, N (%) | 4 (4.8) | 2 (2.7) | 6 (7.6) | 6 (8.2) | 0.476 | 18 (5.8) | 19 (20.4) | <0.0001 |
| Low adjusted pF at 18 months, N (%) | 9 (10.7) | 6 (8.0) | 16 (20.2) | 11 (15.1) | 0.109 | 42 (13.5) | 30 (32.3) | 0.0001 |
| % Elevated soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR >8.3 mg/L) | ||||||||
| High unadjusted sTfR at 9 months, N (%) | 77 (91.7) | 73 (97.3) | 75 (94.9) | 70 (95.9) | 0.355 | 295 (94.8) | 84 (90.3) | 0.100 |
| High adjusted sTfR at 9 months, N (%) | 71 (84.5) | 71 (94.7) | 73 (92.4) | 69 (94.5) | 0.080 | 284 (91.3) | 79 (84.9) | 0.163 |
| High unadjusted sTfR at 18 months, N (%) | 38 (45.2) | 37 (49.3) | 41 (51.9) | 36 (49.3) | 0.884 | 152 (48.9) | 70 (75.3) | 0.001 |
| High adjusted sTfR at 18 months, N (%) | 31 (36.9) | 30 (40.0) | 35 (44.3) | 31 (42.5) | 0.725 | 127 (40.8) | 66 (71.0) | <0.0001 |
| % Low body iron stores (BIS <0 mg/kg) | ||||||||
| Low unadjusted BIS at 9 months, N (%) | 31 (36.9) | 37 (49.3) | 33 (41.8) | 29 (39.7) | 0.260 | 130 (41.8) | 38 (40.9) | 0.782 |
| Low adjusted BIS at 9 months, N (%) | 37 (44.0)b | 50 (66.7)a | 44 (55.7)ab | 39 (53.4)ab | 0.049 | 170 (54.7) | 58 (62.4) | 0.248 |
| Low unadjusted BIS at 18 months, N (%) | 8 (9.5) | 7 (9.3) | 11 (13.9) | 11 (15.1) | 0.641 | 37 (11.9) | 31 (33.3) | 0.0001 |
| Low adjusted BIS at 18 months, N (%) | 9 (10.7) | 15 (20.0) | 16 (20.3) | 16 (21.9) | 0.385 | 56 (18.0) | 43 (46.2) | <0.0001 |
| % Elevated capillary zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP >70 μmol/mol heme) | ||||||||
| High unadjusted ZPP at 9 months, N (%) | 78 (96.3) | 71 (97.3) | 79 (100.0) | 71 (97.3) | 1.000 | 299 (97.7) | 84 (91.3) | 0.968 |
| High adjusted ZPP at 9 months, N (%) | 78 (96.3) | 71 (97.3) | 79 (100.0) | 71 (97.3) | 1.000 | 299 (97.7) | 84 (91.3) | 0.968 |
| High unadjusted ZPP at 18 months, N (%) | 80 (98.8) | 71 (97.3) | 78 (98.7) | 72 (98.6) | 0.844 | 301 (98.4) | 92 (100.0) | 0.982 |
| High adjusted ZPP at 18 months, N (%) | 80 (98.8) | 71 (97.3) | 78 (98.7) | 72 (98.6) | 0.844 | 301 (98.4) | 92 (100.0) | 0.982 |
| Iron deficiency anemia | ||||||||
| % Low plasma ferritin and anemia | ||||||||
| Low unadjusted pF and anemia at 9 months, N (%) | 11 (13.8) | 10 (13.7) | 8 (10.5) | 10 (14.7) | 0.933 | 39 (13.1) | 10 (11.5) | 0.632 |
| Low adjusted pF and anemia at 9 months, N (%) | 15 (18.8) | 24 (32.9) | 11 (14.5) | 17 (25.0) | 0.064 | 67 (22.6) | 27 (31.0) | 0.130 |
| Low unadjusted pF and anemia at 18 months, N (%) | 3 (3.8) | 1 (1.4) | 5 (6.6) | 4 (5.9) | 0.449 | 13 (4.4) | 17 (19.5) | <0.0001 |
| Low adjusted pF and anemia at 18 months, N (%) | 8 (10.0) | 3 (4.1) | 13 (17.1) | 8 (11.8) | 0.067 | 32 (10.8) | 25 (28.7) | 0.0002 |
| % Elevated soluble transferrin receptor and anemia | ||||||||
| High unadjusted sTfR and anemia at 9 months, N (%) | 71 (88.8) | 68 (93.2) | 68 (89.5) | 60 (88.2) | 0.656 | 267 (89.9) | 75 (86.2) | 0.667 |
| High adjusted sTfR and anemia at 9 months, N (%) | 67 (83.8) | 66 (90.4) | 66 (86.8) | 59 (86.8) | 0.427 | 258 (86.9) | 70 (80.5) | 0.490 |
| High unadjusted sTfR and anemia at 18 months, N (%) | 32 (40.0) | 29 (39.7) | 28 (36.8) | 27 (39.7) | 0.852 | 116 (39.1) | 63 (72.4) | 0.001 |
| High adjusted sTfR and anemia at 18 months, N (%) | 26 (32.5) | 24 (32.9) | 22 (28.9) | 24 (35.3) | 0.882 | 96 (32.3) | 59 (67.8) | <0.0001 |
Hb hemoglobin concentration, pF plasma ferritin, sTfR soluble transferrin receptor, ZPP zinc protoporphyrin
a n (%)
bValues in a row with superscripts with different letters differ P < 0.05, using Proc GLIMMIX. Values are adjusted for the cluster effect of the village