Table 5.
Effect of SQ-LNS containing different amounts and sources of zinc provided along with malaria and diarrhea treatment on retinol binding protein concentrations and prevalence of low retinol binding protein concentrations in children at 9 and 18 months, by study group
| LNS-Zn0 | LNS-Zn5 | LNS-Zn10 | LNS-TabZn5 | P-value among 4 intervention groupsa, b | IC | NIC | P-value between cohortsa, b | ICCc | DEd | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Retinol binding protein (μmol/L)e | ||||||||||
| N (9 and 18 mo) | 84 | 75 | 79 | 73 | 311 | 93 | ||||
| Unadjusted RBP at 9 months | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) | 0.86 (0.79, 0.94) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.01) | 0.87 (0.81, 0.94) | 0.197 | 0.92 (0.88, 0.95) | 0.88 (0.82, 0.94) | 0.618 | 0.05 | 1.7 |
| Adjusted RBP at 9 months | 1.04 (0.97, 1.12) | 0.93 (0.85, 1.01) | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.02) | 0.171 | 0.98 (0.95, 1.02) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.00) | 0.555 | 0.05 | 1.7 |
| Unadjusted RBP at 18 months | 0.86 (0.81, 0.92) | 0.86 (0.80, 0.92) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.98) | 0.95 (0.90, 1.00) | 0.044 | 0.89 (0.87, 0.92) | 0.79 (0.74, 0.84) | 0.004 | 0.03 | 1.4 |
| Adjusted RBP at 18 months | 0.91 (0.86, 0.96) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.98) | 0.97 (0.91, 1.03) | 0.99 (0.94, 1.05) | 0.056 | 0.94 (0.92, 0.97) | 0.86 (0.81, 0.91) | 0.015 | 0.01 | 1.1 |
| % Low retinol binding protein (RBP <0.94 μmol/L)e | ||||||||||
| N (9 and 18 months) | 84 | 75 | 79 | 73 | 311 | 93 | ||||
| Low unadjusted RBP at 9 months, N (%) | 41 (48.8) | 44 (58.7) | 42 (53.2) | 48 (65.7) | 0.456 | 175 (56.3) | 53 (57.0) | 0.892 | – | – |
| Low adjusted RBP at 9 months, N (%) | 32 (38.1) | 40 (53.3) | 32 (40.5) | 38 (52.0) | 0.240 | 142 (45.7) | 48 (51.6) | 0.509 | – | – |
| Low unadjusted RBP at 18 months, N (%) | 54 (64.3) | 51 (68.0) | 45 (57.0) | 34 (46.6) | 0.028 | 184 (59.2) | 66 (71.0) | 0.052 | – | – |
| Low adjusted RBP at 18 months, N (%) | 46 (54.8) | 41 (54.7) | 36 (45.6) | 31 (42.5) | 0.280 | 154 (49.5) | 53 (57.0) | 0.332 | – | – |
RBP, retinol binding protein
aGeometric mean (95% confidence interval), n (%). Values in the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different (P < 0.05)
bAdjusting for the random effect of the village and baseline value
cInter-cluster coefficient calculated based on the cluster (village) variance and the residual variance from proc MIXED
dDesign effect calculated based on the standard error of the intervention with or without the random effect of the cluster
eRBP adjusted for CRP and AGP concentrations; and at 18 months for baseline value, breastfeeding at baseline and women education