Table 3.
Associations between local descriptive overweight/obesity norm, food resource availability, and 10-year change in HbA1c
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictors | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) |
| Overweight/obesity norm and fast-food outlet availability | ||||
| Time (in years – not standardised) | 0.0332 (0.0301–0.0363)**** | 0.0332 (0.0301–0.0636)**** | 0.0332 (0.0301–0.0363)**** | 0.0331 (0.0300–0.0362) **** |
| Overweight/obesity norm | −0.0376 (−0.0575 to −0.0178)*** | −0.0382 (−0.0580 - -0.0183)*** | −0.0335 (−0.0571 to −0.0100)** | −0.0334 (−0.0569 to −0.0098)** |
| Overweight/obesity norm*time | 0.0080 (0.0049–0.0110)*** | 0.0080 (0.0049–0.0111)**** | 0.0080 (0.0049–0.0111)**** | 0.0080 (0.0049–0.0111)**** |
| Fast-food outlets | - | −0.0082 (−0.0281–0.0116) | −0.0096 (−0.0298–0.0106) | −0.0094 (−0.0296–0.0108) |
| Fast-food outlets*time | - | 0.0002 (−0.0030–0.0034) | 0.0002 (−0.0030–0.0034) | 0.0003 (−0.0029–0.0035) |
| Overweight/obesity norm*fast-food outlets | - | - | - | −0.0021 (−0.0228–0.0186) |
| Overweight/obesity norm*fast-food outlets*time | - | - | - | −0.0021 (−0.0055–0.0014) |
| Area-level education (% university degree) | - | - | 0.0090 (−0.0158–0.0337) | 0.0089 (−0.0158–0.0336) |
| AIC | 4286.0 | 4289.3 | 4290.8 | 4293.0 |
| BIC | 4327.5 | 4336.0 | 4340.1 | 4347.5 |
| Adjusted ICC (participants) | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
| Adjusted ICC (State Suburb) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Overweight/obesity norm and healthful food resource availability | ||||
| Time (in years – not standardised) | 0.0332 (0.0301–0.0363)**** | 0.0334 (0.0303–0.0365)*** | 0.0334 (0.0303–0.0365)**** | 0.0335 (0.0304–0.0366)**** |
| Overweight/obesity norm | −0.0376 (−0.0575 - -0.0178)*** | −0.0379 (−0.0558 - -0.0180) *** | −0.0347 (−0.0582 to −0.0111)** | −0.0344 (−0.0579 to −0.0108)** |
| Overweight/obesity norm*time | 0.0080 (0.0049–0.0110)*** | 0.0080 (0.0049–0.0111)**** | 0.0080 (0.0049–0.0111)**** | 0.0075 (0.0045–0.0106)**** |
| Healthful food resources | - | 0.0114 (−0.0082–0.0310) | 0.0112 (−0.0084–0.0308) | 0.0121 (−0.0075–0.0317) |
| Healthful food resources*time | - | −0.0024 (−0.0055–0.0007) | −0.0024 (−0.0055–0.0007) | −0.0027 (−0.0058–0.0005) |
| Overweight/obesity norm*healthful food resources | - | - | - | 0.0208 (−0.0002–0.0418) |
| Overweight/obesity norm*healthful food resources*time | - | - | - | −0.0057 (−0.0092 to −0.0022)** |
| Area-level education (% university degree) | - | - | 0.0062 (−0.0182–0.0306) | 0.0040 (−0.0206–0.0286) |
| AIC | 4286.0 | 4287.2 | 4288.9 | 4281.6 |
| BIC | 4327.5 | 4333.9 | 4338.2 | 4336.1 |
| Adjusted ICC (participants) | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 |
| Adjusted ICC (State Suburb) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
All models adjusted for individual covariates: age (at baseline), sex, marital status, education, employment status, and smoking status; standardised (β) coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CI); *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001; n = 1890