Table 4.
Associations between local descriptive insufficient fruit intake norms, food resource availability, and 10-year change in HbA1c
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predictors | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) | β (95% CI) |
| Insufficient fruit intake norm and fast-food outlet availability | ||||
| Time (in years – not standardised) | 0.0337 (0.0307–0.0367)**** | 0.0337 (0.0306–0.0367)**** | 0.0337 (0.0307–0.0368)**** | 0.0335 (0.0304–0.0365)**** |
| Insufficient fruit intake norm | 0.0008 (−0.0189–0.0205) | 0.0002 (−0.0197–0.0200) | 0.0106 (−0.0104–0.0315) | 0.0111 (−0.0097–0.0320) |
| Insufficient fruit intake norm*time | 0.0055 (0.0025–0.0085)*** | 0.0055 (0.0025–0.0086)*** | 0.0055 (0.0025–0.0086)*** | 0.0055 (0.0025–0.0086)*** |
| Fast-food outlets | - | −0.0053 (−0.0252–0.0146) | −0.0095 (−0.0293–0.0103) | −0.0096 (−0.0293–0.0101) |
| Fast-food outlets*time | - | 0.0001 (−0.0030–0.0033) | 0.0001 (−0.0030–0.0033) | 0.0001 (−0.0031–0.0033) |
| Insufficient fruit intake norm*fast-food outlets | - | - | - | −0.0062 (−0.0271–0.0147) |
| Insufficient fruit intake norm*fast-food outlets*time | - | - | - | −0.0020 (−0.0054–0.0015) |
| Area-level education (% university degree) | - | - | 0.0296 (0.0077–0.0514)** | 0.0306 (0.0089–0.0524)** |
| AIC | 4420.8 | 4424.5 | 4419.7 | 4421.4 |
| BIC | 4462.3 | 4471.2 | 4469.0 | 4475.9 |
| Adjusted ICC (participants) | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.60 |
| Adjusted ICC (State Suburb) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
| Insufficient fruit intake norm and healthful food resource availability | ||||
| Time (in years – not standardised) | 0.0337 (0.0307–0.0367)**** | 0.0338 (0.0307–0.0368)**** | 0.0338 (0.0307–0.0369)**** | 0.0337 (0.0306–0.0367)**** |
| Insufficient fruit intake norm | 0.0008 (−0.0189–0.0205) | 0.0020 (−0.0178–0.0218) | 0.0123 (−0.0087–0.0334) | 0.0115 (−0.0096–0.0326) |
| Insufficient fruit intake norm*time | 0.0055 (0.0025–0.0085)*** | 0.0053 (0.0023–0.0084)*** | 0.0053 (0.0023–0.0084)*** | 0.0052 (0.0021–0.0082)** |
| Healthful food resources | - | 0.0104 (−0.0093–0.0302) | 0.0107 (−0.0087–0.0300) | 0.0078 (−0.0121–0.0278) |
| Healthful food resources*time | - | −0.0015 (−0.0046–0.0016) | −0.0015 (−0.0049–0.0017) | −0.0018 (−0.0051–0.0015) |
| Insufficient fruit intake norm*healthful food resources | - | - | - | −0.0115 (−0.0320–0.0090) |
| Insufficient fruit intake norm*healthful food resources*time | - | - | - | −0.0011 (−0.0045–0.0022) |
| Area-level education (% university degree) | - | - | 0.0280 (0.0063–0.0496)** | 0.0300 (0.0083–0.0517)** |
| AIC | 4420.8 | 4423.3 | 4419.1 | 4420.7 |
| BIC | 4462.3 | 4470.0 | 4468.4 | 4475.2 |
| Adjusted ICC (participants) | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 |
| Adjusted ICC (State Suburb) | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
All models adjusted for individual covariates: age (at baseline), sex, marital status, education, employment status, and smoking status; standardised (β) coefficients and 95% confidence intervals (CI); *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001; n = 1945