Table 2.

Included studies

Appliance: sample/age (years)	Year of publication	Type of study	Measurement method	Type of Appliance	Duration of treatment	Cephalometric points for mandibular changes	Timing of treatment	Maturation analysis and method	Results conclusions of author
Tulloch [23]
Bionator: 53 /9.4	1997	RCT	CXRa	Bionator	15 months	Mandibular length Co-Gn/Co-Pg+ (mm)	1 year before of peak	Carpal	Functional appliances produce mandibular changes with great variation
Control: 61/9.4					15 months
Martina [7]
Sander Bite Jumping: 23/10.9	2013	RCT	CXRa	Sander Bite Jumping	18 months	Mandibular length (Pg/OLp+ Co/OLp)	NAb	Cervical vertebrae	Treated individuals had a significant increase in mandibular length and molar relationship improvement
Control: 23/10.5					12 months	Mandibular length (Pg/OLp + Co/OLp)
Illing [24]
Twin block: 16/11.5	1998	RCT	CXRa	Twin Block	9 months	NAb	NAb	NAb	Both appliances demonstrated significant skeletal changes.
Bionator: 18/11.8				Bionator	9 months	Co-Gna(mm)
Control: 20 /11.2					9 months	NAb
Nelson [22]
Harvold Activator: 12 /13	1993	RCT	CXRa	Classic activator	18 months	Co-Pog (mm)	NAb	NAb	No evidence supporting that functional appliances alter mandibular
Frankel: 13/13				Frankel	18 months	Co-Pog (mm)
Control: 17 /13					18 months
O Brien [19]
Twin block: 73/9.7	2003	RCT	CXRa	Twin block	15 months	Mandibular length (Pg/OLp + Co/OLp)	Pre-peak	NAb	The Twin-block appliance resulted in substantial reduction in the overjets of children with Class II malocclusion.
Control: 74/9.8					15 months	(Pg/OLp + Co/OLp)

+Measurement not clear in the text

^aCephalographic X-ray

^bInformation not available