Figure 2.

Cyclic lipopeptides contribute to insecticidal activity of three plant-beneficial pseudomonads. (A,B,C) Injectable activity against Galleria mellonella. 30 larvae per treatment were injected with 2 × 10³ bacterial cells and survival was recorded hourly. (D,E,F) Oral activity against Plutella xylostella. For Pseudomonas protegens CHA0 (D) 64 larvae were exposed to artificial diet inoculated with 4 × 10⁶ bacterial cells. In experiments with strains Pseudomonas chlororaphis PCL1391 (E) and Pseudomonas sp. CMR12a (F) 32 larvae were exposed to diet inoculated with 2 × 10⁷ bacterial cells. Sterile 0.9% NaCl solution served as control. Treatments that differed significantly from their respective wild-type strain (Log-Rank test p ≤ 0.05, Survival Package in R) are marked with an asterisk. This figure shows the survival curves of one representative experiment per strain and insect system. The LT₅₀ values corresponding to these experiments and to a repetition of them are depicted in Tables 2, 3. Solid black line, wild-type strain; dashed red line, mutants deficient for orfamide production (Ofa⁻, CHA5101, CMR12a-ΔClp2), dashed pink line, mutant deficient for Clp1391 production (Clp1391⁻, PCL1832), dotted purple line, mutant deficient for sessilin production (Ses⁻, CMR12a-Clp1); dashed gray line, double mutant deficient for sessilin and orfamide production (Ses⁻Ofa⁻, CMR12a-ΔClp2-Clp1); dash-dot light blue line, triple mutant deficient for sessilin, orfamide and phenazine production (Ses⁻Ofa⁻Phz⁻, CMR12a-ΔPhz-ΔClp2-Clp1); dash-dot green line, 0.9% NaCl solution control.