Table 2.
Characteristics of the study sample by MDS categories
| MDS categories | p value (trend)b | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low (0–7 points) | Moderate (8–10 points) | High (11–17 points) | ||
| Number of participantsa | 4790 | 8941 | 4589 | |
| Cohorts | ||||
| Czech (%) | 26.1 | 28.0 | 36.8 | <0.001 |
| Polish (%) | 23.9 | 33.9 | 41.8 | <0.001 |
| Russian (%) | 50.0 | 38.1 | 21.5 | <0.001 |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||
| Mean age (SD), years | 56.9 (7.1) | 57.1 (7.0) | 56.7 (6.9) | 0.216 |
| Sex: females (%) | 49.8 | 55.8 | 58.5 | <0.001 |
| Marital status: married (%) | 73.8 | 75.4 | 77.1 | <0.001 |
| Education: primary or less (%) | 10.3 | 10.1 | 9.1 | 0.045 |
| Education: university (%) | 25.8 | 25.5 | 27.5 | 0.068 |
| Household amenities score: low (%) | 24.3 | 21.7 | 17.1 | <0.001 |
| Household amenities score: high (%) | 29.2 | 33.0 | 38.5 | <0.001 |
| Lifestyle characteristics | ||||
| Mean energy intake (SD), MJ/day | 9.3 (3.1) | 9.7 (3.1) | 10.0 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Smoking: current smokers (%) | 33.7 | 30.0 | 27.2 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity: low (%) | 49.8 | 48.8 | 48.4 | 0.188 |
| Vitamin suppl. intake: regular (%) | 13.9 | 17.5 | 22.7 | <0.001 |
| Mean healthy diet indicator (SD) | 50.9 (8.4) | 54.9 (8.6) | 57.4 (8.8) | <0.001 |
| CVD risk factors | ||||
| Mean BMI (SD), kg/m2 | 27.8 (4.8) | 27.8 (4.7) | 27.7 (4.6) | 0.260 |
| BMI > 30 kg/m2 (%) | 28.9 | 28.2 | 27.1 | 0.042 |
| Mean arterial pressure (SD), mmHg | 105.3 (15.6) | 104.8 (15.0) | 104.2 (15.5) | 0.001 |
| Hypertensionc (%) | 46.6 | 47.1 | 45.1 | 0.148 |
| Mean total cholesterol (SD), mmol/l | 6.0 (1.2) | 6.0 (1.2) | 5.9 (1.2) | <0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolemiad (%) | 76.5 | 76.8 | 75.9 | 0.507 |
| Mortality outcomes | ||||
| All-cause, per 1000 person-years | 12.2 | 9.0 | 7.3 | <0.001 |
| CVD, per 1000 person-years | 4.3 | 3.3 | 1.9 | <0.001 |
| CHD, per 1000 person-years | 2.4 | 1.7 | 0.9 | <0.001 |
| Stroke, per 1000 person-years | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.4 | <0.001 |
a Including participants with complete MDS data only
b p values were calculated by logistic or linear regression, applying covariates as outcome and MDS categories as continuously treated exposure variables
c Mean arterial pressure >110 mmHg or on antihypertensive medication
d Serum cholesterol level >5.2 mmol/l or on lipid-lowering medication