. 2015 Sep 28;56(1):55–64. doi: 10.1007/s00394-015-1057-0

Table 1.

Clinical characteristics and demographics of study subjects

Maternal characteristics	GDM (n = 181)		No GDM (n = 835)		p value^a
Maternal characteristics	n	%/mean (SD)	n	%/mean (SD)	p value^a
Maternal age	181	32.3 (4.8)	835	30.0 (5.1)	<0.001
Maternal education					<0.001
<12 years	54	29.8	366	44.5
≥12 years	127	70.2	456	55.5
Ethnicity					0.001
Chinese	113	62.4	448	53.7
Malay	28	15.5	246	29.5
Indian	40	22.1	141	16.9
Parity					0.101
Primiparous	68	38.0	366	44.7
Multiparous	111	62.0	453	55.3
Maternal BMI^b	178	27.1 (4.3)	815	25.9 (4.5)	<0.001
Gestational age at delivery	181	38.0 (1.7)	824	38.3 (1.4)	0.013
Infant characteristics
Birth weight SDS^b	181	−0.50 (1.17)	824	−0.48 (0.95)	0.886
Birth length SDS^b	181	−0.39 (1.37)	821	−0.52 (1.14)	0.229
Birth BMI SDS^b	181	−0.47 (1.20)	821	−0.31 (1.08)	0.090
Breastmilk intake (by any breastfeeding)					0.352
No BF	49	29.3	253	33.1
<4 milk months	58	34.7	281	36.8
≥4 milk months	60	35.9	230	30.1
Breastmilk intake (by exclusive/predominant breastfeeding only)					0.061
No Full BF	99	59.3	511	66.9
Full BF <4 milk months	26	15.6	120	15.7
Full BF ≥4 milk months	42	25.1	133	17.4

The bold values represent staistically significant p values (i.e. p < 0.05)

^a p value by Chi-square analysis (categorical) or two-sample t test (continuous)

^b BMI body mass index, SDS standard deviation score