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. 2017 Jan 27;8:14155. doi: 10.1038/ncomms14155

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Copyright © 2017, The Author(s)

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(a) Neurofilament (NF) staining depicting the rich innervation of the ventricle. The square marks the location of the fibres shown in b–f. (b–f) Confocal imaging of ventricular NF (b), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; c) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT; d). The white arrow heads display a TH- but not ChAT-positive fibre. The greater magnification (f) emphasizes the tight entanglement of fibres, with the majority being TH-positive and a smaller amount of parallel running ChAT-positive fibres. Arrows depict ChAT-positive fibres. (g) Native enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) fluorescence of ChAT^BAC-eGFP mice demonstrated a delicate interconnectivity between parasympathetic ventricular fibres and cardiac myocytes. (h) Western blot analysis of ventricular tissue, using antibodies against TH, ChAT and VAChT revealed bands at the same molecular weight as in the brain (positive control), indicating the presence of a cholinergic system in the ventricles. Scale bars 1 mm (a), 100 μm (b–e), 10 μm (f), 25 μm (g).