Table 1.

Knockdown of Smad7 decreases the RNA expression of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α)

	Smad7 sense	Smad7 antisense
IL‐6 RNA (relative expression)	371.6	64.6
	155.7	101.4
	29.6	10
TNF‐α RNA (relative expression)	223.2	144.6
	3.1	1.6
	5.4	1.2

IL‐6 and TNF‐α RNA transcripts in mucosal duodenal explants of three patients with refractory coeliac disease after treatment with Smad7 sense or antisense oligonucleotide for 24 hr. At the end, biopsy samples were used to extract RNA and real‐time PCR for both cytokines was performed as indicated in the Materials and methods section. Data indicate cytokine RNA relative expression as measured in mucosal samples cultured with Smad7 sense or antisense in each of the three experiments.