Table 4.
Adjusted cross-sectional associations of POPs in child serum with child BMI z-scores and overweight at age 5 years.
| Child serum POP | Child outcomes at 5 years N=349 |
|
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| BMI z−score | Overweight | |
|
| ||
| β (95%CI)a | RR (95% CI)a | |
| HCB (μg/g-lipid) | ||
| Per log-10 unit increase | −0.26 (−0.45, −0.06)** | 0.65 (0.39, 1.08) |
| <0.02 | Reference | Reference |
| 0.02–0.03 | −0.14 (−0.36, 0.09) | 0.88 (0.52, 1.48) |
| >0.03 | −0.30 (−0.52, −0.07)** | 0.56 (0.31, 1.03)* |
| ΣPCBs (μg/g-lipid) | ||
| Per log-10 unit increase | −0.13 (−0.22, −0.04)** | 0.83 (0.67, 1.02)* |
| <0.29 | Reference | Reference |
| 0.30–0.70 | −0.10 (−0.32, 0.12) | 0.85 (0.49, 1.51) |
| >0.70 | −0.39 (−0.61, −0.16)** | 0.66 (0.37, 1.19) |
| p,p’-DDE (μg/g-lipid) | ||
| Per log-10 unit increase | −0.06 (−0.15, 0.03) | 0.92 (0.74, 1.15) |
| <0.13 | Reference | Reference |
| 0.13–0.31 | −0.02 (−0.24, 0.21) | 0.75 (0.40, 1.39) |
| >0.31 | −0.09 (−0.32, 0.14) | 0.90 (0.52, 1.55) |
| PFOS (ng/mL) | ||
| Per log-10 unit increase | −0.21 (−0.44, 0.02)* | 0.68 (0.36, 1.29) |
| <3.87 | Reference | Reference |
| 3.87–5.58 | −0.16 (−0.38, 0.07) | 0.68 (0.38, 1.21) |
| >5.58 | −0.16 (−0.39, 0.07) | 0.87 (0.51, 1.51) |
| PFOA (ng/mL) | ||
| Per log-10 unit increase | −0.27 (−0.52, −0.02)** | 0.68 (0.38, 1.22) |
| <1.88 | Reference | Reference |
| 1.88–2.55 | 0.05 (−0.17, 0.27) | 0.76 (0.44, 1.31) |
| >2.55 | −0.14 (−0.36, 0.08) | 0.84 (0.48, 1.44) |
| PFHxS (ng/mL) | ||
| Per log-10 unit increase | −0.15 (−0.34, 0.04) | 0.73 (0.44, 1.23) |
| <0.28 | Reference | Reference |
| 0.28–0.39 | 0.07 (−0.15, 0.30) | 1.00 (0.59, 1.70) |
| >0.39 | −0.12 (−0.35, 0.11) | 0.94 (0.54, 1.62) |
| PFNA (ng/mL) | ||
| Per log-10 unit increase | −0.18 (−0.34, −0.02)** | 0.67 (0.45, 1.00)* |
| <0.91 | Reference | Reference |
| 0.91–1.44 | −0.05 (−0.27, 0.17) | 1.15 (0.69, 1.92) |
| >1.44 | −0.22 (−0.44, 0.01)* | 0.70 (0.38, 1.30) |
| PFDA (ng/mL) | ||
| Per log-10 unit increase | −0.18 (−0.33, −0.02)** | 0.64 (0.46, 0.90)** |
| <0.28 | Reference | Reference |
| 0.28–0.42 | −0.22 (−0.44, −0.00)** | 0.53 (0.30, 0.94)** |
| >0.42 | −0.19 (−0.41, 0.02)* | 0.58 (0.34, 0.97)** |
**
P-value<0.05;
*
P-value≥0.05 and <0.10.
a
All models are adjusted for maternal nationality, age at delivery, prepregnancy BMI, smoking during pregnancy, child sex, exclusive breastfeeding duration and child’s fish intake at age 5 years.