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. 2017 Feb 3;8:42. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00042

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Copyright © 2017 Gong, Hu, Huang, Fang, Wang, Chen, Li, Yang, Zou, Xu, Wang, Dong and Lu.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Berberine affected mRNA expressions of intestinal cytokines and plasma gastrointestinal hormones. (A) IL-1β mRNA levels. (B) TNF-α mRNA levels. (C) MIF mRNA levels. (D) IL-4 mRNA levels. (E) IL-10 mRNA levels. (F) Plasma GLP-1 concentrations. (G) Plasma GIP concentrations. (H) Plasma Ghrelin concentrations. (I) Plasma Amylin concentrations. The levels of mRNA were expressed relative to the β-actin. Data presented as mean ± SD. n = 6 for each group. *P < 0.05 vs. NO group, **P < 0.01 vs. NO group, ^#P < 0.05 vs. MO group, ^##P < 0.01 vs. MO group.