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. 2017 Feb 3;7:41965. doi: 10.1038/srep41965

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Nanoparticles pollution indices (A) in control soil (CS) as well as soil amended with grass litter (LS), and grass litter-nanoparticles (LNPS) after 90 and 180 days of incubation. CO₂-C emission per unit of microbial biomass carbon (mg C–CO₂ g⁻¹ C_mic) represented by metabolic quotient (qCO₂) in the primary axis, and microbial quotient (qM) is expressed as microbial biomass carbon per total organic C (mg kg⁻¹) in soil in secondary axis. Small letters in the panel indicate the differences among treatments and time for qCO₂, and capital letters over error bars show the significant different for qM at 5% probability level. Fourier transform infrared spectra (B) in CS (a; dark red) LS (b; green), LNPS after 180 days of incubation (c; red) and iron oxide nanoparticles only (d; black). Microbial biomass Fe in fumigated and non-fumigated soil of CS, LS and LNPS treatment (C).