Table 1.
Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics at baseline among estimated glomerular filtration rate groups
| Total (N = 146,953) | eGFR Group 1 (≥90 ml/min/1.73 m2) (N = 100,785) |
eGFR Group 2 (60-89 ml/min/1.73 m2) (N = 38,537) |
eGFR Group 3 (30–59 ml/min/1.73 m2) (N = 7,067) |
eGFR Group 4 (15–29 ml/min/1.73 m2) (N = 431) |
eGFR Group 5 (<15 ml/min/1.73 m2) (N = 133) |
P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Socio-demographics | |||||||
| Gender, (%, n) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Female | 54.8% (80,506) | 53.3% (53,694) | 56.4% (21,720) | 66.6% (4,705) | 70.1% (302) | 63.9% (85) | |
| Male | 45.2% (66,447) | 46.7% (47,091) | 43.6% (16,817) | 33.4% (2,362) | 29.9% (129) | 36.1% (48) | |
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 63.91 ± 11.68 | 60.49 ± 10.78 | 70.37 ± 9.85 | 76.21 ± 9.02 | 79.28 ± 8.88 | 76.89 ± 11.25 | <0.001 |
| Smoking status, (%, n) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Non-smoker | 74.5% (109,484) | 74.0% (74,541) | 75.3% (29,013) | 77.8% (5,495) | 76.9% (331) | 77.3% (103) | |
| Ex-smoker | 15.0% (21,983) | 14.2% (14,264) | 16.8% (6,493) | 16.1% (1,135) | 16.8% (72) | 14.1% (19) | |
| Current smoker | 10.5% (15,486) | 11.9% (11,980) | 7.9% (3,031) | 6.2% (436) | 6.4% (27) | 8.6% (11) | |
| Drinking habit, (%, n) | <0.001 | ||||||
| Non-drinker | 96.9% (142,369) | 96.6% (97,320) | 97.4% (37,554) | 98.2% (6,943) | 98.8% (426) | 95.0% (126) | |
| Current drinker | 3.1% (4,584) | 3.4% (3,465) | 2.6% (983) | 1.8% (124) | 1.2% (5) | 5.0% (7) | |
| Clinical parameters | |||||||
| HbA1c, % (mean ± SD) | 7.31 ± 1.42 | 7.40 ± 1.49 | 7.14 ± 1.25 | 6.96 ± 1.23 | 6.63 ± 1.23 | 6.58 ± 1.55 | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 25.51 ± 4.06 | 25.57 ± 4.27 | 25.43 ± 3.82 | 25.07 ± 4.39 | 24.86 ± 4.88 | 24.66 ± 4.25 | <0.001 |
| Waist hip ratio (mean ± SD) | 0.93 ± 0.20 | 0.93 ± 0.20 | 0.94 ± 0.23 | 0.95 ± 0.19 | 0.96 ± 0.46 | 0.94 ± 0.09 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg (mean ± SD) | 136.69 ± 18.05 | 135.78 ± 17.70 | 138.58 ± 18.31 | 139.28 ± 20.12 | 137.99 ± 21.88 | 137.69 ± 22.07 | <0.001 |
| DBP, mmHg (mean ± SD) | 75.57 ± 10.58 | 76.62 ± 10.34 | 73.83 ± 10.63 | 70.67 ± 10.82 | 67.90 ± 11.48 | 67.19 ± 12.59 | <0.001 |
| LDL-C, mmol/L (mean ± SD) | 3.14 ± 0.88 | 3.14 ± 0.86 | 3.14 ± 0.91 | 3.08 ± 1.01 | 2.97 ± 0.95 | 2.98 ± 1.19 | <0.001 |
| TC/HDL-C ratio (mean ± SD) | 4.40 ± 1.33 | 4.36 ± 1.34 | 4.46 ± 1.41 | 4.54 ± 1.47 | 4.54 ± 2.79 | 4.46 ± 2.92 | <0.001 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L (mean ± SD) | 1.69 ± 1.17 | 1.67 ± 1.21 | 1.74 ± 1.12 | 1.80 ± 1.13 | 1.72 ± 1.23 | 1.61 ± 1.51 | <0.001 |
| EGFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 (mean ± SD) | 101.60 ± 44.27 | 114.74 ± 47.10 | 77.79 ± 8.04 | 50.34 ± 7.34 | 24.30 ± 4.05 | 10.59 ± 3.13 | <0.001 |
| UACR, mg/mmol (mean ± SD) | 7.92 ± 40.51 | 5.32 ± 27.58 | 11.03 ± 49.02 | 25.51 ± 76.21 | 42.97 ± 111.42 | 25.47 ± 102.86 | <0.001 |
| Disease characteristics | |||||||
| Family history of DM, (%, n) | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 58.1% (85,324) | 53.5% (53,924) | 66.9% (25,774) | 73.6% (5,201) | 75.7% (326) | 73.5% (98) | |
| Yes | 41.9% (61,629) | 46.5% (46,861) | 33.1% (12,763) | 26.4% (1,866) | 24.3% (105) | 26.5% (35) | |
| Diagnosed Hypertension, (%, n) | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 33.6% (49,356) | 40.7% (41,058) | 19.1% (7,360) | 12.1% (855) | 13.2% (57) | 19.5% (26) | |
| Yes | 66.4% (97,597) | 59.3% (59,727) | 80.9% (31,177) | 87.9% (6,212) | 86.8% (374) | 80.5% (107) | |
| Duration of DM, years (mean ± SD) | 6.35 ± 7.08 | 5.74 ± 6.51 | 7.35 ± 7.50 | 9.34 ± 9.50 | 10.14 ± 10.37 | 9.22 ± 11.69 | <0.001 |
| Treatment modalities | |||||||
| Anti-hypertensive drugs, (%, n) | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 32.5% (47,768) | 39.0% (39,329) | 19.3% (7,432) | 12.9% (911) | 14.6% (63) | 24.8% (33) | |
| Yes | 67.5% (99,185) | 61.0% (61,456) | 80.7% (31,105) | 87.1% (6,156) | 85.4% (368) | 75.2% (100) | |
| Oral anti-diabetic drug used, (%, n) | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 30.3% (44,531) | 30.7% (30,931) | 30.1% (11,613) | 25.2% (1,781) | 34.3% (148) | 43.6% (58) | |
| Yes | 69.7% (102,422) | 69.3% (69,854) | 69.9% (26,924) | 74.8% (5,286) | 65.7% (283) | 56.4% (75) | |
| Insulin used, (%, n) | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 99.1% (145,570) | 99.1% (99,922) | 99.1% (38,171) | 98.3% (6,947) | 95.4% (411) | 89.5% (119) | |
| Yes | 0.9% (1,383) | 0.9% (863) | 0.9% (366) | 1.7% (120) | 4.6% (20) | 10.5% (14) | |
| Lipid-lowering agents, (%, n) | <0.001 | ||||||
| No | 91.1% (133,868) | 91.7% (92,388) | 89.8% (34,599) | 90.1% (6,364) | 91.6% (395) | 91.7% (122) | |
| Yes | 8.9% (13,085) | 8.3% (8,397) | 10.2% (3,938) | 9.9% (703) | 8.4% (36) | 8.3% (11) | |
CVD Cardiovascular Diseases, DM Diabetes Mellitus, BMI Body Mass Index, HbA1c Haemoglobin A1c, SBP Systolic Blood Pressure, DBP Diastolic Blood Pressure, LDL-C Low-density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol, TC Total Cholesterol, HDL-C High-density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol, UACR Urine Albumin/Creatinine Ratio, eGFR estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate