Table 3.
Congenital malformations
| Malformations | Drug (mg/day) | Folic acid* |
|---|---|---|
| Major malformations (n=8) | ||
| Atrial septal defect+atrial septal aneurysm | VPA 300 | + |
| Atrial septal defect | CBZ 200 | + |
| Atrial septal defect | VPA 500+PB 150 | + |
| Patent foramen ovale+atrial septal defect+left persistent superior vena cava | PB 300+PHT 100+CBZ 300 | − |
| Hydronephrosis | PHT 150+OXC 1,200 | − |
| Syndactyly | VPA 500 | + |
| Congenital hip dislocation | VPA 1,000 | + |
| Ventricular septal defect | Non-AED | + |
| Minor malformations (n=23) | ||
| Left intraventricular band/t | VPA 2,000 | + |
| Patent foramen ovale+strabismus | PB 200 | + |
| Patent foramen ovale | CBZ 100 | − |
| Patent foramen ovale | CBZ 200 | − |
| Patent foramen ovale | VPA 500 | + |
| Patent foramen ovale | OXC 900 | − |
| Patent foramen ovale | Non-AED | + |
| Left intraventricular band/t | Non-AED | − |
| Bilateral medullar nephrocalcinosis | VPA 500 | + |
| Bilateral medullar nephrocalcinosis | CLZ 0.5 | − |
| Bifid renal pelvis+ptotic kidney | PB 100+PHT 100 | − |
| Ptotic kidney | PB 300+PRM 50 | − |
| Renal agenesis | VPA 1,000+LTG 100 | − |
| Dilatation in pericaliceal system | VPA 500 | + |
| Renal agenesis | Non-AED | − |
| Hyperintense noduler lesion | CLZ 50 | − |
| Choroid fissure cyst | PB 100 | − |
| Arachnoid cysts | VPA 500 | − |
| Ventricular asymmetry+deep white matter lesion | PB 100 | − |
| Periventricular leukomalacia+arachnoid cyst+cerebellar atrophy | VPA 200 | − |
| Inguinal hernia | Non-AED | + |
| Strabismus (n=2) | VPA 2000 | + |
AED, antiepileptic drug; VPA, valproic acid; CBZ, carbamazepine; PB, phenobarbital; PHT, phenytoin; OXC, oxcarbazepine; LTG, lamotrigine; CLZ, clonazepam; PRM, primidone.
*
p>0.05 major malformations and folic acid using.