Table 2.

Subgroup Analyses

Variable	k0a	k1b	d0a (95% CI)	d1b (95%CI)	QB
Risk of Bias Characteristics
Allocation concealment	32	6	0.52 (0.31–0.73)	0.11 (−0.11–0.33)	7.01*
Blinded assessor	14	24	0.66 (0.45–0.86)	0.32 (0.07–0.58)	4.03*
Participants individually randomized	24	14	0.35 (0.14–0.55)	0.69 (0.28–1.10)	2.18
Intention to treat analysis	24	14	0.46 (0.20–0.71)	0.45 (0.18–0.72)	0.00
True control group	17	21	0.65 (0.40–0.91)	0.28 (0.02–0.54)	4.17*
Study and Sample Characteristics
Frail participants	33	5	0.35 (0.17–0.54)	1.09 (0.55–1.64)	6.38*
Intervention Characteristics
Study conducted in a community location	30	8	0.57 (0.32–81)	0.20 (0.04–0.36)	6.04*
Study conducted in a clinical location	31	7	0.58 (0.40–0.77)	−0.18 (−0.71–0.35)	7.19*
High exercise intensity	8	13	0.48 (−0.14–1.10)	0.46 (0.11–0.81)	0.00
Exercise progressed in intensity	8	20	0.86 (0.35–1.37)	0.27 (−0.01–0.55)	3.97*
Resistance-only exercise	19	19	0.61 (0.37–0.85)	0.29 (−0.00–0.58)	2.78
Resistance Exercise Characteristics
Upper extremity exercises	10	20	0.04 (−0.41–0.49)	0.56 (0.32–0.81)	4.00*
Upper leg exercises	5	21	0.33 (−0.06–0.72)	0.28 (0.01–0.56)	0.04
Lower leg exercises	12	15	0.63 (0.25–1.01)	0.03 (−0.22–0.29)	6.46*
Used exercise bands	21	14	0.32 (0.01–0.57)	0.62 (0.28–0.96)	1.89
Used free weights	25	9	0.61 (0.35–0.88)	0.08 (−0.16–0.33)	7.91*
Used exercise machines	20	15	0.50 (0.23–0.77)	0.35 (0.04–0.67)	0.50
Used body weight	17	18	0.53 (0.23–0.84)	0.35 (0.08–0.62)	0.75

Note. k=number of studies; d=standardized mean difference calculated under random-effects model; Q_B = Q between.

^a0 refers to studies missing the variable of interest.

^b1 refers to studies containing the variable of interest.

^*p<.05.