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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2016 Sep 20;41:98–105. doi: 10.1016/j.gde.2016.08.007

Figure 1. Four methods for assessing population structure using large-scale single-nucleotide polymorphism data.

Figure 1

A) Ancestry proportion inference using ADMIXTURE. B) Principal components analysis. C) Plot of population in ‘geogenetic’ space using SpaceMix. D) Visualization of effective migration rates using EEMS (brown = low effective migration; blue = high effective migration). Each method is applied to the dataset analysed in [92] after filtering out populations with fewer than 10 individuals, where population identifiers are defined on the basis of grandparental ancestry. Structure is visible, even though FST-values average 0.004 between broad geographic regions in Europe [92].