Table 1.

Characteristics of study participants

Characteristic	Control Group	Intervention Group
Patient characteristics
No.	66	69
Female	22 (33)	20 (29)
Age, mean (SD), yr	56 (19.9)	50.3 (17.5)
Race
White	56 (85)	55 (80)
African American	2 (3)	7 (10)
Asian	4 (6)	3 (4)
Native American	2 (3)	1 (1.5)
Native Hawaiian	1 (1.5)	0
Other or mixed race	1 (1.5)	2 (2.9)
Racial/ethnic minority	12 (19)*	17 (25)†
SOFA score
Mean (SD)*	10.0 (3.0)	9.8 (3.5)‡
Median (IQR)	10.0 (8.0–12.0)	10.0 (7.0–11.5)
ICU days
Mean (SD)	23.5 (28.2)	17.8 (12.7)
Median (IQR)	16.4 (9.8–28.3)	14.8 (9.8–22.3)
ICU survivors
Mean (SD)	20.9 (17.7)	20.5 (13.2)
Median (IQR)	15.1 (9.9–23.9)	18.8 (12.0–24.6)
ICU decedents
Mean (SD)	30 (44.8)	10.0 (6.9)
Median (IQR)	17.4 (7.0–34.8)	10.7 (3.5–14.5)
Died during or immediately after ICU stay	19 (29)	18 (26)
Palliative care service note during ICU admission	17 (25.4)	14 (20.2)
Social work consultation during ICU stay	61 (91.0)	65 (94.2)
Spiritual care services during ICU stay	45 (67.2)	41 (59.4)
Hospital days
Mean (SD)	33.8 (30.9)	25.4 (16.9)
Median (IQR)	26.0 (17.0–42.0)	23.0 (13.0–35.0)
Hospital death	22 (33)	18 (26)
DNR in place at time of ICU admit	25 (38)	23 (33)
Characteristics of decedents
No.	19	18
CPR or chemical code§	2 (10.5)	1 (5.6)
Ventilator§	16 (84.2)	17 (94.4)
Tube feeding§	18 (94.7)	13 (72.2)
TPN§	4 (21.1)	0
Dialysis§	4 (21.1)	2 (11.1)

Definition of abbreviations: CPR = cardiopulmonary rescusitation; DNR = Do Not Resuscitate; ICU = intensive care unit; IQR = interquartile range; SOFA = Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; TPN = total parenteral nutrition.

Data are presented as No. (%) unless indicated otherwise.

^*Valid n = 65.

^†Valid n = 67.

^‡Valid n = 68.

^§Valid n represents patients who died in the ICU or within 24 h of transfer out of the ICU.