Table 1.
Outcomes /covariates, n(%) | Total (N=4,758) |
Non-OAU + NDE (n=4,314) |
OAU + NDE (n=444) |
p-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Incident Psychiatric Outcomes a | ||||
PTSD | 590 (12.4) | 513 (11.9) | 77 (17.3) | .001 |
Other anxiety b | 732 (15.4) | 654 (15.2) | 78 (17.6) | .181 |
Alcohol abuse/dependence | 504 (10.6) | 449 (10.4) | 55 (12.4) | .197 |
Opioid abuse/dependence | 42 (0.9) | 23 (0.5) | 19 (4.3) | <.0001 |
Other drug abuse/dependence | 255 (5.4) | 205 (4.8) | 50 (11.3) | <.0001 |
Number of outcomes | ||||
None | 3212 (67.5) | 2948 (68.3) | 264 (59.5) | |
One | 1108 (23.3) | 998 (23.1) | 110 (24.8) | <.0001 |
Multiple | 438 (9.2) | 368 (8.5) | 70 (15.8) | |
Depression characteristics | ||||
Acute ADM treatment length (days) c |
||||
None | 1405 (29.5) | 1314 (30.5) | 91 (20.5) | |
1–83 | 910 (19.1) | 831 (19.3) | 79 (17.8) | <.0001 |
84 + | 2443 (51.4) | 2169 (50.3) | 274 (61.7) | |
Dual ADM treatment a, d | 594 (12.5) | 505 (11.7) | 89 (20.1) | <.0001 |
Atypical antipsychotic a | 1013 (21.3) | 912 (21.1) | 101 (22.8) | .431 |
Mood stabilizer a | 1487 (31.3) | 1242 (28.8) | 245 (55.2) | <.0001 |
Maximum PHQ-9 score, mean (sd) a, e |
11.0 (7.5) | 10.6 (7.4) | 13.4 (7.5) | .001 |
PHQ-9 score available a, e | 743 (15.6) | 644 (14.9) | 99 (22.3) | <.0001 |
OAU characteristics | ||||
Maximum MED (mg) f | n/a | |||
1–50 | - | - | 312 (70.3) | |
51–100 | - | - | 76 (17.1) | |
> 100 | - | - | 56 (12.6) | |
Other Covariates g | ||||
Obesity | 1829 (38.4) | 1615 (37.4) | 214 (48.2) | <.0001 |
Nicotine abuse/dependence | 1550 (23.6) | 1317 (30.5) | 233 (52.5) | <.0001 |
Arthritis | 3460 (72.7) | 3053 (70.8) | 407 (91.7) | <.0001 |
Back pain | 2566 (53.9) | 2182 (50.6) | 384 (86.5) | <.0001 |
Headaches | 888 (18.7) | 762 (17.7) | 126 (28.4) | <.0001 |
Musculoskeletal pain | 2303 (48.4) | 1964 (45.5) | 339 (76.4) | <.0001 |
Neuropathic pain | 1273 (26.8) | 1052 (24.4) | 221 (49.8) | <.0001 |
Maximum pain score, mean (sd) | 6.9 (2.9) | 6.7 (2.9) | 9.2 (1.3) | <.0001 |
High healthcare utilization | 736 (15.5) | 567 (13.1) | 169 (38.1) | <.0001 |
Demographic Information | ||||
Age, mean (sd) | 55.4 (14.6) | 55.9 (14.6) | 50.4 (12.4) | <.0001 |
Gender: male | 4264 (89.6) | 3862 (89.5) | 402 (90.5) | .503 |
Race: White | 3929 (82.6) | 3556 (82.4) | 373 (84.0) | .403 |
Insurance: VA only | 2817 (59.2) | 2511 (58.2) | 306 (68.9) | <.0001 |
Marital status: Married | 2968 (62.4) | 2717 (63.0) | 251 (56.5) | .008 |
Note: OAU = Opioid analgesic use; NDE = New onset depression
Must occur on or after date of new onset depression diagnosis
Other anxiety disorders = panic disorder, OCD, social phobia, GAD, Anxiety NOS
Acute ADM Treatment positive if within 30 days before and 14 days after depression diagnosis
Dual ADM is positive if have two or more antidepressants overlapping by at least 31 days
PHQ-9 scores available only on a subsample of patients. Availability distribution compared between groups.
For opioid use patients only
Covariates could have occurred at any point from 2000–2012