Table 5. Mucosal adjuvants.
| Composition | Target | T-cell–mediated immune response | Mucosal IgA | Reference | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Th1 | Th2 | Th17 | CTL | ||||
| MDP | TLR-2 | + | + | − | − | + | [37] |
| MPL | TLR-4 | + | − | − | + | + | [45] |
| Flagellin | TLR-5 | + | − | − | + | ++ | [47] |
| CT | GM1 | − | + | + | + | ++++++ | [42] |
| CTA1-DD | Ig heavy chain | + | + | + | + | +++++ | [41] |
| Quillaja saponins fraction | DCs | + | + | − | + | ++ | [44] |
| Cationic DDA | ND | + | − | − | + | ++ | [43] |
| Chitosan | Tight junctions | − | + | − | − | ++ | [48] |
| IL-1 | IL-1R | + | + | − | − | +++ | [46] |
| IL-12 | IL-12R | + | − | − | + | + | [49] |
Adapted from Lycke N. Nat Rev Immunol 2012;12:592-605 [14] and Kim SH and Jang YS. Exp Mol Med 2014;46:e85 [16].
+ or - in this table means the strength of induced immune response.
CTL, cytotoxic T lymphocytes; MDP, muramyl dipeptide; TLR, Toll-like receptor; MPL, monophosphoryl lipid A; CT, cholera toxin; DC, dendritic cell; DDA, dimethyldioctadecylammonium; ND, not determined; IL, interleukin.