Table 1.
Cytokines regulating lymphatic endothelial cell (LEC) growth.
| Cytokine | Mechanism | Model system | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Interferon (IFN)-γ | Inhibits proliferation and migration | Cultured pig thoracic duct LEC | (88) |
| Increases apoptosis | |||
| Inhibits lymph node (LN) lymphangiogenesis | LPS-induced LN lymphangiogenesis in mouse; Lewis Lung carcinoma cell implantation in mouse | (37) | |
| Inhibits proliferation and tube formation; downregulates Prox-1 LYVE-1and podoplanin expression | Cultured murine thoracic duct LEC | ||
| Interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13 | Inhibits LN lymphangiogenesis | CFA/ovalbumin-induced LN lymphangiogenesis | (34) |
| Inhibits corneal lymphangiogenesis | Mouse model of suture-induced corneal neovascularization | (89) | |
| Inhibits proliferation, tube formation and migration; increases apoptosis | Cultured human dermal LEC | ||
| Inhibits lung and trachea lymphangiogenesis | Mouse model of allergen-induced asthma | (90) | |
| Inhibits proliferation, tube formation and downregulates Prox-1 and LYVE-1 expression | Cultured murine LN LEC and human dermal LECs | ||
| Increases skin lymphangiogenesis and promotes recruitment of macrophages and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C expression | K14-IL-4 transgenic mouse | (91) | |
| IL-17 | Increases corneal lymphangiogenesis via VEGFR-3/VEGF-C/-D pathway | Mouse model of cornea micropocket and Th17-dominant autoimmune dry eye disease | (92) |
| Increases proliferation and tube formation via VEGFR-3-dependent pathway | Cultured human dermal LECs | ||
| IL-10 | Increases lymphangiogenesis and promotes VEGF-C production by macrophages | Mouse model of suture-induced corneal neovascularization | (93) |
| No direct effect on LEC | Cultured human dermal LECs | ||
| TGF-β | Inhibits lymphangiogenesis | Mouse model of chronic peritonitis | (94) |
| Inhibits proliferation, tube formation, and migration; downregulates Prox-1 and LYVE-1 expression | Cultured human dermal LEC | ||
| Inhibits proliferation and tube formation | Cultured human dermal LEC | (95) | |
| Independent of VEGF-C/-D | |||
| Inhibits lymphangiogenesis | Mouse lymphedema model | (96) | |
| Promotes lymphangiogenesis and upregulates VEGF-C expression | Rat model of unilateral ureteral obstruction | (97) | |
| Promotes lymphangiogenesis and upregulates VEGF-C expression | Rat model of peritoneal fibrosis | (98) | |
| Enhances branching and sprouting of lymphatic network in embryonic skin | E13.5–15.5 mouse embryos | (99) | |
| Attenuates LEC proliferation | Cultured human dermal microvascular LECs | ||