Table 1.

Mean ± SD in cervical JPE for young and older age groups.

JPEa (degrees) variable	Young (n = 169)	Old (n = 61)	95% CIb	SEMc	MDCd	P-valuee
Flexion	2.95 ± 1.98	5.31 ± 1.22	−3.06 to −1.68	0.342	0.797	<0.001
Extension	3.11 ± 1.92	6.53 ± 1.61	−4.09 to −2.75	0.340	0.793	<0.001
Side-bending right	2.36 ± 1.43	4.72 ± 0.65	−2.83 to −1.87	0.244	0.569	<0.001
Side-bending left	2.27 ± 1.46	4.66 ± 0.63	−2.88 to −1.90	0.248	0.578	<0.001
Rotation right	2.68 ± 1.65	6.16 ± 0.94	−4.04 to −2.91	0.284	0.569	<0.001
Rotation left	2.54 ± 1.64	6.19 ± 0.98	−4.21 to −3.09	0.283	0.660	<0.001

^aJPE = joint position error.

^bCI = confidence interval.

^cSEM = standard error mean.

^dMDC = minimal detectable change.

^eP-values are based on two-sample independent t-tests.