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Hypothetical scheme for mitochondrial activation by PD-1 blockade and chemicals. (A) A PD-1 blockade activates mitochondria of tumor-reactive T cells. (B) ROS inducers or uncouplers increase cellular ROS. (C) Cellular ROS activate AMPK and mTOR, resulting in the activation of PGC-1α as well as the expression of T-bet. (D) Couplers of PGC-1α with NFRs and PPARs induce feed-forward activation on mitochondria. Numbers in parentheses correspond to references listed in the main text.
