Table 2. Methods and Populations of Selected Studies.
| Methodology | Setting and Population | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Author, year | Aim | Country | Design | Data source | Setting | Study period (years) | Population | No. of persons with CI/Dementia (%) | Quality of studies |
| Foebel, 2012 | Role of caregivers and caregiver stress in medication adherence in older home care clients with MCI | CAN | R, Co | HC, Sur, MR, St, Fam/CG, | State/ County | 2006–2007 | Persons with heart failure, MCI & caregivers | 59,662(42%) | G |
| Mackin, 2006 | Determine the relative contribution of measures of cognitive functioning and mood status on treatment adherence | USA | R, Co | HD, HC, Sur, Int | State/ County | - | Older adults at primary care clinics | 29% | F |
| Poon, 2009 | Evaluate the utilization of and adherence to antihypertensive and dementia medications in a cohort of veterans across different racial/ethnic groups | USA | R, Co | HD, MR, Sur | National | 2000–2005 | Veteran with a diagnosis of both hypertension and dementia | 56,561 (100%) | G |
| Hawkins,2012 | Describe the cognitive domains affected in patients with CI, examine clinical and demographic variables potentially associated with CI, and to determine the relationship between CI and MA | USA | P, Co | HC, MR, Int, St | State/ County | 2009–2011 | English speaking veterans. No subjects had known CI before study enrolment (N = 251) | 144(58%) | F |
| Thiruchselvam,2012 | Examine the influence of cognitive, medical, behavioural, and social risk factors on medication NAD in community-dwelling older adults with CI | CAN | P, Co | Sur, MR, HC, Int, Fam/CG | National | 1997–2005 | Older adults with CI whom lived alone and took at least one medication | 339 (100%) | F |
| Smith, 2007 | Assess telehealth home monitoring system. | USA | P,Co | Sur, Fam/CG, Int,MRD | National | 1998(6mnts) | People with mild dementia who live alone and took ≥1 medications daily. Three groups: video, phone, control. | 14 (100%) | F |
| Kamimura, 2012 | Test efficacy of medication reminder device in medication management for elderly patients with MCI | USA | P, Co | Fam/CG, MRD, Int | National | 2008–2011 | Elderly with MCI | 18(100%) | G |
| Conn, 1994 | Assess patients taking drugs for co-morbid disease to determine whether this had a role in slowing further cognitive decline. | USA | P, Co | MR,Int | State/ County | - | Persons with CI (≤23 MMSE score) and non-impaired controls (N = 178) | 35 (20%) | F |
| Insel, 2006 | Examine the relationship between adherence and measures of executive function or working memory and memory. | USA | P,Co | Sur | National | - | Community-based older adults taking daily prescribed medications. | 95 | G |
| Boucher, 1996 | Describe problems of dementia patients with CI spousal caregivers. | USA | Cc | HC, Int, Sur, Fam/CG | National | 1992–1994 | Dementia patients | AD: 56 (86%); Other: 9 (14%) | G |
| Cotrell, 2006 | Examine the relationship between patients’ cognitive status, deficit awareness, medication management skills, and actual medication adherence. | USA | Cc | Int, Sur, Fam/CG | State/ County | - | Persons with AD and healthy controls. Caregivers were also included (N = 47) | 27 (57%) | G |
| Fulmer, 1997 | Examine the potential usefulness of the Medication Management Test (MMT) | USA | Cs | Sur, Int, Fam/CG | State/ County | - | CI elders and cognitively normal elders whom had a reported caregiver (N = 125) | 51 (41%) | G |
| Okuno,2001 | Examine whether CI is a risk factor for non-adherence | JAP | Cs | Sur, Int | State/ County | 1998–2000 | Community dwelling functionally independent elderly living | 58(26%) | G |
| Cameron,2010 | Test the impact of CI on self-care. | AUS | Cs | Int, MR, Sur | State/ County | 20007–2008 | Persons with Chronic HF | 68 (73%) | F |
| Stoehr,2008 | Explore associations between two specific cognitive domains and aspects of medication management | USA | Co | Sur, Int, HC, MR | State/ County | 1999–2001 | Older primary care patients. MMSE scores ≤25 and a control group of ≥25 | 343 | G |
General: (-) Not stated/specified.
Country: USA = United States of America;; CAN = Canada; AUS = Australia; JAP = Japan.
Design: R = Retrospective; P = Prospective; Cs = Cross-sectional; Ob = Observational; Co = Cohort; RCT = Randomised controlled trial, Cc = Case Control.
Data source: Sur = Survey, Int = Interview, St = Staff, Fam/CG = Family/Caregiver, HC = Healthcare personnel, MR = Medical records, HD = Health database, MRD = Medication reminder device.
Dementia type: MCI = Mild cognitive impairment; AD = Alzheimer’s Disease; CI = Cognitive impairment/ed.
Adherence: NAD = non-adherence/; ADH = adherence/t.