Table 1. Lifetime-ever pneumonia (%Pneumonia) reported for children ≥ 3 years old.

Location	Age (Years)	N	%Pneumonia (%)	Diagnostic criteria	Vaccinationa	Reference
Changsha, China	3–6	2,622	38.3	Chest X-ray	Unknown (very low)	Lu 2014 [20]
Shanghai, China		14,084b [21]	33.2		11.4% PCV, 41% Hib [18]	Zhang 2013 [8]
Chongqing, China		5,092	31.3		Unknown (very low)
6 CCHH citiesc, China		~19,000	31.1		Unknown (very low)
Tianjin, China		4,616	29.1		5.3% PCV, 41% Hib [18]	Present Study
Romania	7–11	3,470	27.9	Unknown	No	Leonardi 2002 [22]
Beijing, China	3–6	5,331	26.9	Chest X-ray	1.2% PCV, 41% Hib [18]	Present Study
Bulgaria	7–11	3,631	24.7	Unknown	No	Leonardi 2002 [22]
Hungary		3,479	24.6
Poland		2,932	21.5
Slovak Republic		3,038	16.3
Czech Republic		3,479	16.2
Germany	6	2,234	13.5	Clinical	Hib	Schnabel 2009[23]
Texas, USAd	3–6	1,523	13.1		53% PCV, >90% Hib [24]	Present Study
Germanye	3	~2,100	8.8		>90% Hib	Schnabel 2009 [23]
Tucson AZ, USA	3	788	7.4	Chest X-ray	No	Castro-Rodriguez 1999 [25]
Germanyf	7	~74,000	6.9	Clinical	>90% Hib	Weigl 2003 [26]
West Sydney, Australia	5–15	2,020	6.8	Chest X-ray	>90% Hib	MacIntyre 2003 [27]
Spain	5	654	3.0	Clinical	No	Garcés-Sánchez 2005 [28]

^a Shanghai, with GNI equal to 1.02 times the World Bank high income index, was reported to have 11.4% PCV and 41% Hib coverage in 2012. Given the high purchase price for these vaccines [18], we estimated that Beijing and Tianjin with relative GNI equal to 0.98 and 0.85 of the high income index had similar coverage (corrected for vaccine availability), but that Chinese cities with lower GNI had very little coverage.

^b Calculated from Liu 2014 [21].

^c Harbin, Nanjing, Taiyuan, Urumqi, Xi’an, Wuhan.

^d Vaccination coverage for Texas sample estimated from Center for Disease Control [24].

^e Munich, Leipzig, Wesel, Bad Honnef.

^f Schleswig-Holstein.