Table 3.
Stratified analysis of serum potassium categories with all-cause mortality, CVD death, and non-CVD death by diuretics
| Outcomes | Potassium Concentration, mEq/L | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <3.5 | 3.5–3.9 | 4.0–4.4 | 4.5–4.9 | ≥5.0 | |
| All-cause mortality | |||||
| No diuretics | |||||
| Events/P-Y | 41/986 | 389/11,271 | 1438/53,496 | 639/23,486 | 78/2543 |
| Event rate (per 1000 P-Y) | 41.58 | 34.51 | 26.88 | 27.21 | 30.67 |
| Age, sex, race | 1.44 (1.06 to 1.97) | 1.35 (1.21 to 1.51) | 1 (ref) | 1.09 (0.99 to 1.20) | 1.37 (1.09 to 1.72) |
| Fully adjusteda | 1.27 (0.92 to 1.77) | 1.31 (1.17 to 1.47) | 1 (ref) | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.18) | 1.37 (1.08 to 1.75) |
| Diuretics | |||||
| Events/P-Y | 157/3095 | 332/7489 | 334/7591 | 100/2206 | 13/215 |
| Event rate (per 1000 P-Y) | 50.73 | 44.33 | 44.00 | 45.33 | 60.47 |
| Age, sex, race | 0.99 (0.82 to 1.20) | 0.98 (0.84 to 1.14) | 1 (ref) | 1.03 (0.82 to 1.29) | 1.74 (0.99 to 3.05) |
| Fully adjusteda | 1.01 (0.83 to 1.23) | 0.98 (0.84 to 1.14) | 1 (ref) | 1.07 (0.85 to 1.35) | 2.15 (1.17 to 3.95) |
| P for interaction=0.02 | |||||
| CVD death | |||||
| No diuretics | |||||
| Events/P-Y | 10/1304 | 119/14,346 | 426/64,313 | 174/28,249 | 21/3040 |
| Event rate (per 1000 P-Y) | 7.67 | 8.29 | 6.62 | 6.16 | 6.91 |
| Age, sex, race | 1.17 (0.62 to 2.19) | 0.88 (0.72 to 1.08) | 1 (ref) | 1.23 (1.03 to 1.48) | 1.27 (0.82 to 1.98) |
| Fully adjusteda | 1.03 (0.54 to 1.95) | 0.90 (0.73 to 1.11) | 1 (ref) | 1.15 (0.96 to 1.38) | 0.98 (0.61 to 1.58) |
| Diuretics | |||||
| Events/P-Y | 54/4532 | 114/10,199 | 121/10,652 | 38/2996 | 7/268 |
| Event rate (per 1000 P-Y) | 11.92 | 11.18 | 11.36 | 12.68 | 26.12 |
| Age, sex, race | 0.80 (0.58 to 1.10) | 1.05 (0.81 to 1.34) | 1 (ref) | 1.71 (1.18 to 2.48) | 9.25 (4.21 to 20.34) |
| Fully adjusteda | 0.87 (0.62 to 1.22) | 1.02 (0.78 to 1.33) | 1 (ref) | 1.63 (1.11 to 2.38) | 4.24 (1.66 to 10.86) |
| P for interaction=0.01 | |||||
| Non-CVD death | |||||
| No diuretics | |||||
| Events/P-Y | 31/1304 | 270/14,346 | 1012/64,313 | 465/28,249 | 57/3040 |
| Event rate (per 1000 P-Y) | 23.77 | 18.82 | 15.74 | 16.46 | 18.75 |
| Age, sex, race | 1.44 (1.01 to 2.06) | 0.83 (0.72 to 0.95) | 1 (ref) | 1.43 (1.28 to 1.60) | 1.47 (1.12 to 1.94) |
| Fully adjusteda | 1.19 (0.81 to 1.75) | 0.92 (0.80 to 1.06) | 1 (ref) | 1.24 (1.11 to 1.39) | 1.06 (0.79 to 1.43) |
| Diuretics | |||||
| Events/P-Y | 103/4532 | 218/10,199 | 213/10,652 | 62/2996 | 6/268 |
| Event rate (per 1000 P-Y) | 22.73 | 21.37 | 19.20 | 20.69 | 22.39 |
| Age, sex, race | 0.83 (0.65 to 1.05) | 1.11 (0.91 to 1.34) | 1 (ref) | 1.60 (1.20 to 2.14) | 3.30 (1.45 to 7.53) |
| Fully adjusteda | 0.90 (0.70 to 1.15) | 1.01 (0.83 to 1.23) | 1 (ref) | 1.23 (0.92 to 1.66) | 1.28 (0.55 to 3.01) |
| P for interaction=0.002 | |||||
Data are displayed as Hazard Ratio (95% confidence intervals) for age, sex, race, and fully adjusted models. CVD, cardiovascular disease; P-Y, person years; ref, reference.
a
Diuretics: fully adjusted for age, sex, race, time-varying eGFR, diabetes mellitus, systolic BP, current smoking, pack-years smoking, ever having cancer, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, any angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers, potassium supplements, β blockers, β agonists, and other antihypertensive medications.