Table 4.
Baseline characteristics for total population and for each group of the secondary outcome (death) with nonadjusted and adjusted hazard ratio
| Total population
|
Death (140)
|
No death (219)
|
Nonadjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)* | Adjusted hazard ratio (95% CI)*** | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Characteristics | n | Characteristics | n | Characteristics | |||
| Age, median (range) | 359 | 74 (41–96) | 140 | 78 (48–96) | 219 | 70 (41–91) | 1.055 (1.036–1.074)** | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) |
| Male gender (%) | 359 | 195 (54) | 140 | 77 (55) | 219 | 118 (54) | 1.12 (0.8–1.6) | – |
| Comorbidities | ||||||||
| High blood pressure, n (%) | 359 | 201 (56) | 140 | 84 (60) | 219 | 117 (53) | 1.33 (0.95–1.9) | – |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 359 | 65 (18) | 140 | 34 (24) | 219 | 31 (14) | 1.56 (1.06–2.3) | 1.76 (0.63–4.91) |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 359 | 108 (30) | 140 | 48 (34) | 219 | 60 (27) | 1.21 (0.85–1.72) | – |
| Coronary artery disease (%) | 359 | 75 (21) | 140 | 35 (25) | 219 | 40 (18) | 1.60 (1.09–2.35) | 0.56 (0.20–1.61) |
| Atrial fibrillation, n (%) | 359 | 54 (15) | 140 | 30 (21) | 219 | 24 (11) | 1.86 (1.24–2.79) | 1.02 (0.32–3.24) |
| Heart failure, n (%) | 359 | 66 (18) | 140 | 32 (23) | 219 | 34 (16) | 1.37 (0.92–2.03) | – |
| Stroke, n (%) | 359 | 18 (5) | 140 | 11 (8) | 219 | 7 (3) | 1.77 (0.95–3.30) | – |
| Acute/chronic renal failure, n (%) | 359 | 74 (21) | 140 | 36 (26) | 219 | 38 (17) | 1.80 (1.23–2.64) | 0.57 (0.16–2.09) |
| Cancer, n (%) | 359 | 26 (7) | 140 | 18 (13) | 219 | 8 (4) | 2.60 (1.58–4.26)** | 7.04 (2.22–22.36) |
| Pulmonary cancer, n (%) | 359 | 17 (5) | 140 | 11 (8) | 219 | 6 (3) | 2.67 (1.44–4.95)** | – |
| Osteoporosis, n (%) | 359 | 47 (13) | 140 | 25 (18) | 219 | 22 (10) | 1.49 (0.96–2.29) | – |
| Active smokers, n (%) | 358 | 165 (46) | 140 | 58 (41) | 218 | 107 (49) | 0.75 (0.53–1.045) | – |
| Pulmonary function | ||||||||
| Mild or moderate COPD (FEV1 ≥50%), n (%) | 306 | 93 (30) | 125 | 93 (66) | 181 | 120 (55) | 0.75 (0.51–1.13) | – |
| Vital parameters at admission | ||||||||
| Heart rate (beats per min), median (range) | 335 | 98 (54–220) | 131 | 100 (54–167) | 204 | 96.5 (56–200) | 1.004 (0.996–1.012) | – |
| Respiratory rate (1/min), median (range) | 322 | 24 (11–50) | 124 | 26 (11–50) | 198 | 24 (11–44) | 1.029 (1.004–1.056) | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) |
| Weight (kg), median (range) | 328 | 65 (28–138) | 127 | 62 (36–138) | 201 | 67 (28–124) | 0.991 (0.981–1.001) | – |
| Laboratories values (at admission) | ||||||||
| Hemoglobin level (g/L), median (range) | 357 | 137 (71–210) | 140 | 132 (71–186) | 217 | 141 (84–210) | 0.98 (0.97–0.99)** | 0.98 (0.96–1.01) |
| Creatinine (g/L), median (range) | 358 | 76 (35–905) | 140 | 78.5 (36–905) | 218 | 74 (35–348) | 1.003 (1.001–1.004)** | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) |
| Potassium (mmol/L), median (range) | 355 | 4.1 (3–6.8) | 138 | 4.15 (3–6.8) | 217 | 4 (3–6.3) | 1.62 (1.20–2.19) | 1.81 (0.78–4.22) |
| Albumin (g/L), median (range) | 174 | 31 (16–40) | 79 | 30 (16–39) | 95 | 32 (19–40) | 0.94 (0.89–0.98) | 0.96 (0.85–1.10) |
| PaCO2 (kPa), median (range) | 318 | 5.7 (2.7–17.5) | 123 | 5.9 (3.9–12.8) | 195 | 5.4 (2.7–17.5) | 1.07 (0.98–1.18) | – |
| pH, median (range) | 318 | 7.41 (6.98–7.63) | 123 | 7.41 (7.18–7.54) | 195 | 7.41 (6.98–7.63) | 0.144 (0.014–1.496) | – |
| Procalcitonin (µg/L), median (range) | 184 | 0.11 (0.02–240) | 73 | 0.18 (0.04–240) | 111 | 0.09 (0.02–26.95) | 1.009 (1.001–1.017) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) |
Notes: n: number of available data. P-value in bold when <0.05.
*
Nonadjusted HR death vs no death.
**
P-value in bold when <0.002.
***
Adjusted hazard ratio for the Cox proportional hazard model.
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; FEV1, forced expiratory volume in 1 s; PaCO2, partial pressure of carbon dioxide.